ABSTRACT:A recently introduced new branch of applied polymer science is the production of highly functional and responsive fiber mats by means of electrospinning polymers that include liquid crystals. The liquid crystal, which provides the responsiveness, is most often contained inside fibers of core-sheath geometry, produced via coaxial electrospinning, but it may also be inherent to the polymer itself, for example, in case of liquid crystal elastomers. The first experiments served as proof of concept and to elucidate the basic behavior of the liquid crystal in the fibers, and the field is now ripe for more applied research targeting novel devices, in particular in the realm of wearable technology. In this perspective, we provide a bird's eye view of the current state of the art of liquid crystal electrospinning, as well as of some relevant recent developments in the general electrospinning and liquid crystal research areas, allowing us to sketch a picture of where this young research field and its applications may be heading in the next few years.

HIGHLIGHTS • CNT/MnO 2 /graphene-grafted carbon cloth electrode is designed and achieves high MnO 2 mass loading (9.1 mg cm −2). • The electrode with favorable electronic/ionic conductivity delivers a large areal capacitance and rate capability. • The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor yields a large energy density of 10.18 mWh cm −3 .

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Coaxial electrospinning allows easy and cost-effective realization of composite fibers at the nano- and microscales. Different multifunctional materials can be incorporated with distinct localization to specific regimes of the fiber cross section and extended internal interfaces. However, the final composite properties are affected by variations in internal structure, morphology, and material separation, and thus, nanoscale control is mandatory for high-performance application in devices. Here, we present an analysis with unprecedented detail of the cross section of liquid core-functionalized fibers, yielding information that is difficult to reveal. This is based on focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out and allowing HR-TEM imaging of the fibers together with nanoscale resolution chemical analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Unexpectedly, core material escapes during spinning and ends up coating the fiber exterior and target substrate. For high core injection rate, a dramatic difference in fiber morphology is found, depending on whether the surface on which the fibers are deposited is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The latter enhances postspinning extraction of core fluid, resulting in the loss of the functional material and collapsed fiber morphology. Finally, in situ produced TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer appear strikingly different when the core fluid is present compared to when the polymer solution is spun on its own.

By electrospinning liquid crystals coaxially inside a polymer sheath, responsive fibers with application potential, e.g., in wearable sensors can be produced. We conduct a combined scanning electron/polarizing microscopy study of such fibers, concluding that a match between the properties of the sheath solution and that of the core fluid is vital for achieving well‐formed and well‐filled fibers. Problems that may otherwise arise are fibers that are continuously filled, but partially collapsed; or fibers in which the core breaks up into droplets due to a mismatch in elongational viscosity between inner and outer fluids.