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The objective of this study is to identify the causes of pedestrian volume path to the destination by investigating the influential levels of regional and planning features in the central area of Seoul. Regional characteristics can be classified from the result of the analysis and through the spatial characteristics of pedestrian volume. For global scale analysis, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is used for the degree of influence of each characteristics to pedestrian volume. For the local scale, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is used to identify regional influential factors with consideration for spatial differences. The results of OLS indicate that boroughs with transportation facilities, commercial business districts, universities, and planning features with education research facilities and planning facilities have a positive effect on pedestrian volume path to the destination. Correspondingly, transportation hubs and congested areas, commercial and business centers, and university towns and research facilities in the Seoul central area can be identified through the results of GWR. The results of this study can provide information with relevance to existing plans and policies about the importance of regional characteristics and spatial heterogeneity effects on pedestrian volume, as well as significance in the establishment of regional development plans.

Marssonina blotch in apples and pear scab are diseases that may affect apple and pear production as well as related industries significantly. The range and scale of the economic influence of such outbreaks should be clarified to ensure the sustainable growth of these industries. This study evaluates the direct and indirect economic effects of outbreaks through a partial equilibrium approach and an input-output model; direct influences are measured on the basis of reduced production, and the estimated costs are 34,926 million Korean Won (mKRW) (US$ 29.79 million) and 11,767 mKRW (US$ 10.04 million) for apples and pears, respectively. The indirect effects are determined according to changes in the quantity of apples and pears supplied to the market; these effects can induce social welfare losses. These costs are estimated to be 305,065 mKRW (US$ 259.08 million) for apples infected with Marssonina blotch, which accounts for 186,628 mKRW (US$ 158.50 million) in producer surplus and 118,437 mKRW (US$ 100.58 million) in consumer surplus and 72,693 mKRW (US$ 61.74 million) for pears infected with scab, which accounts for 44,106 mKRW (US$ 37.46 million) in producer surplus and 28,587 mKRW (US$ 24.28 million) in consumer surplus. The findings from this study can be referenced by the Korean government in designing more effective control measures toward sustainable growth of related industry.

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Apples and pears are receiving relatively high attention compared to other agricultural products regarding whether or not to allow imports. As agricultural market liberalization measures such as the RCEP and the CPTPP progress, the possibility of lifting SPS measures is also increasing, along with the need for corresponding research. As part of a proactive response to the lifting of SPS measures, this study intended to analyze the potential demand for apples and pears, which are items subject to import bans. In this paper, it is estimated the potential prices that may occur when the SPS measures are lifted, focusing on major countries that could be import sources for apples and pears, and identified the preference for imported fruits by country of origin. As a result of the analysis, it is expected that prices of imported apples are 23.6% to 54.8% lower than for domestic apples. In the case of imported pears, the prices are expected to be 25.2% to 65.2% lower than for domestic pears. The estimated prices of the fruits were different according to their country of origin, and the ranges of price increase and decrease were different depending on the item. The analysis results imply that the preference for Asian fruits was relatively low, consumers preferred imported apples more than imported pears.