This article presents a critical review of the education system and curriculum reforms in basic education in Kenya from independence in 1963 to date. It presents a philosophical and pragmatic basis for content review and the curriculum reform process. Data collection involved a critical review of relevant literature; including several curriculum reform documents. Based on the literature review and documentary analysis, there is overwhelming evidence that radical changes have resulted in the Kenyan education system from several curriculum reviews and major reforms in response to the changing needs of the Kenyan society. The new curriculum currently under implementation is the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Over the years, there have been minimal changes in the content, scope, and sequence of the basic education curriculum. This article presents salient changes in the Kenyan education system and presents recommendations that may have significant implications for future curriculum reforms that can potentially improve learning outcomes.

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Introduction Endometrial carcinoma is now considered a common female gynecologic cancer with increasing incidence, with 13–25% of patients being still liable to recurrence and metastasis, which needs further studies to detect novel targets and new therapies. The aim of the study was evaluate tissue expression of RON, ROR1 and SUSD2 in endometrial carcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia using immunohistochemistry and correlate their expression with clinical, pathological and prognostic parameters of patients. Material and methods We included samples from 100 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Sections from paraffin blocks were stained with RON, ROR1 and SUSD2 using immunohistochemistry. Correlations between marker expression, clinicopathological features and prognostic samples were evaluated. Results Upregulation of RON and ROR1 and downregulation of SUSD2 expression were found in endometrial carcinoma more than atypical endometrial hyperplasia ( p < 0.001). High RON and ROR1 expression levels were significantly associated with high grade ( p < 0.001), presence of lymph node metastases ( p = 0.003), distant metastases ( p = 0.009), advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage ( p = 0.002), poor response to therapy ( p = 0.046), and lower recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate ( p = 0.002), progression-free survival (PFS) rate ( p = 0.008), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rate ( p = 0.019) and overall survival rate ( p < 0.001). Low SUSD2 expression was significantly associated with older patient age ( p = 0.002), large tumor size ( p = 0.003), high grade ( p = 0.005), presence of adnexal invasion ( p = 0.023), presence of lympho-vascular invasion ( p = 0.021), extent of myometrial invasion ( p = 0.002), lower RFS rate ( p = 0.008), lower PFS rate ( p = 0.023), and lower DMFS rate ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Upregulation of RON and ROR1 and downregulation of SUSD2 lead to promotion of endometrial cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and invasion.

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Background: Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) can occur due to practically any type of cancer. MPEs frequently impair quality of life. There are numerous techniques for managing MPEs; each drains the pleural space and relieves respiratory symptoms. Pleurodesis is described as the formation of a symphysis between two layers of pleura to avoid the recurrence of effusions. Numerous chemical compounds are being investigated for use in pleurodesis. The purpose of this research was to examine the medical pleurodesis results performed with three different chemical agents in order to determine the most effective one with the fewest side effects. Methods: This study enrolled 60 patients from the Medical Oncology department at Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt between January 2021 and January 2022. All patients were with MPEs. We enlisted 60 patients, separated them into three groups of 20 each, and had them undergo medical pleurodesis with three different chemical agents in comparison: povidone-iodine, doxycycline, and bleomycin. Sex, age, side of the effusion, treatment outcome (success and failure), and adverse effects were analyzed. Results: After pleurodesis, findings were evaluated, and the final success rates were 80% for povidone-iodine, 75% for bleomycin, and 65% for doxycycline. Conclusions: When utilized appropriately, povidone-iodine, doxycycline, and bleomycin are practically similarly efficient and safe sclerosing agents. While the povidone-iodine and doxycycline are similarly efficient and secure as bleomycin as chemical agents for pleurodesis in cases of MPEs, they are less costly and more commonly available.