Background: The goal of this review was to present an overview of the currently identified molecular parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of nonsmokers and nondrinkers (NSND). Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Results: Of the 902 analyzed unique studies, 74 were included in a quantitative synthesis and 24 in a meta-analysis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) was reported as a molecular parameter in 38 studies, followed by p16 and TP53 (23 and 14 studies, respectively). The variety of other molecular parameters concerned sporadic findings in small numbers of NSND. Conclusions: HNSCC in NSND is more often related to HPV and p16 overexpression compared to tumors of smokers-drinkers. In a third of virusnegative tumors, TP53 mutations were detected with a mutational profile associated with aging and ultraviolet light exposure rather than to tobacco consumption. K E Y W O R D S head and neck cancer, human papillomavirus, nonsmokers, p16, TP53 1 | BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) usually results from excessive tobacco and alcohol consumption. 1 A third risk factor in head and neck carcinogenesis is high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially in the oropharynx. 2,3 Patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) usually have a Meetings at which the manuscript was presented: 7th World Congress of the

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We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 60 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in head and neck region in our department between March 2005 and January 2016. Findings: The subjects included 17 males and 43 females, and the male to female ratio was 1:2.53. The average age of the patients was 45 ± 14.67 years (range, 5-76 years). All the patients were confirmed by pathological diagnosis. The major clinical presentation is a lump or swelling (56 patients), followed by oral ulcer (three patients) and skin fistula (one patient). The most common site is cervical lymph node (71.67%). Three patients also suffer with malignant tumour in head and neck region. 95% of the patients received a chest X-ray and 19 patients (33.33%) showed old lesions in their lungs. Conclusion:The majority of head and neck tuberculosis arise in lymph node of head and neck region. Early diagnosis and treatment can largely enhance the therapeutic effect and patients' quality of life.

e18538 Background: The local recurrence rate of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) hardly decreases despite the best possible treatment. Partly, this is caused by the presence of (pre)malignant cells in the surrounding tissue, which can develop into a new malignancy in time. Histological recognition of these cells in resection margins appears to be difficult during routine practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the presence of immune cells in OSCC resection margins may predict the development of a recurrence in these patients. Methods: Thirty-four patients with firstly diagnosed, radically resected primary OSCC with histopathological confirmed tumor-free margins (treated between 1993 and 2003) were included. Nine patients out of the 34 patient developed a locoregional recurrence within 5 years. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 34 resection margins were subjected to immunohistochemistry for CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in immune cells, after which a quantitative analysis of the largerst distribution of CD45-, CD3-, CD4-, CD8-, PD-L1 and PD-1 positive lymphocytes on each resection margin has been photographed. The highly immunostained surface in relation to the total surface has been measured up to 100μm below the squamous epithelium. This analysis has been performed using QWin software (Leica). All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 7.05 for Windows, GraphPad Software, La Jolla California USA, www.graphpad.com). Results: Only CD3 and CD8 had a moderate correlation (Spearman = 0.68). A high expression of CD45 (≥7.7% ) and CD4 (≥5,4%) was strongly correlated with a worse disease-free survival (p = 0.0054 and p < 0.001, respectively), as was a low CD3 expression (≤5,9%) (p = 0.0211). PD-L1 and PD-1 expression analysis did not show a significant association with recurrence risk. Conclusions: A high amount of CD45-, and CD4- and a low amount of CD3-positive immune cells in OSCC resection margins may predict local recurrence.