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The collective monograph is devoted to discussing the history of creation, studying the properties, neutralizing and using organophosphorus neurotoxins, which include chemical warfare agents, agricultural crop protection chemical agents (herbicides and insecticides) and medicines. The monograph summarizes the results of current scientific research and new prospects for the development of this field of knowledge in the 21st century, including the use of modern physicochemical methods for experimental study and theoretical analysis of biocatalysis and its mechanisms based on molecular modeling with supercomputer power. The book is intended for specialists who are interested in the current state of research in the field of organophosphorus neurotoxins. The monograph will be useful for students, graduate students, researchers specializing in the field of physical chemistry, physicochemical biology, chemical enzymology, toxicology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and biomedicine.

Molecular docking is one of the most popular tools of molecular modeling. However, in certain cases, like development of inhibitors of cholinesterases as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease, there are many aspects, which should be taken into account to achieve accurate docking results. For simple molecular docking with popular software and standard protocols, a personal computer is sufficient, however quite often the results are irrelevant. Due to the complex biochemistry and biophysics of cholinesterases, computational research should be supported with quantum mechanics (QM) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, what requires the use of supercomputers. Experimental studies of inhibition kinetics can discriminate between different types of inhibition-competitive, non-competitive or mixed type-that is quite helpful for assessment of the docking results. Here we consider inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the conjugate of MB and 2,8-dimethyl-tetrahydro-γ-carboline, study its interactions with AChE in relation to the experimental data, and use it as an example to elucidate crucial points for reliable docking studies of bulky AChE inhibitors. Molecular docking results were found to be extremely sensitive to the choice of the X-ray AChE structure for the docking target and the scheme selected for the distribution of partial atomic charges. It was demonstrated that flexible docking should be used with an additional caution, because certain protein conformational changes might not correspond with available X-ray and MD data.

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