Background Understanding region-wide patterns of larval connectivity and gene flow is crucial for managing and conserving marine biodiversity. Dongsha Atoll National Park (DANP), located in the northern South China Sea (SCS), was established in 2007 to study and conserve this diverse and remote coral atoll. However, the role of Dongsha Atoll in connectivity throughout the SCS is seldom studied. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role of DANP in conserving regional marine biodiversity. Methods In total, 206 samples across nine marine species were collected and sequenced from Dongsha Atoll, and these data were combined with available sequence data from each of these nine species archived in the Genomic Observatories Metadatabase (GEOME). Together, these data provide the most extensive population genetic analysis of a single marine protected area. We evaluate metapopulation structure for each species by using a coalescent sampler, selecting among panmixia, stepping-stone, and island models of connectivity in a likelihood-based framework. We then completed a heuristic graph theoretical analysis based on maximum dispersal distance to get a sense of Dongsha’s centrality within the SCS. Results Our dataset yielded 111 unique haplotypes across all taxa at DANP, 58% of which were not sampled elsewhere. Analysis of metapopulation structure showed that five out of nine species have strong regional connectivity across the SCS such that their gene pools are effectively panmictic (mean pelagic larval duration (PLD) = 78 days, sd = 60 days); while four species have stepping-stone metapopulation structure, indicating that larvae are exchanged primarily between nearby populations (mean PLD = 37 days, sd = 15 days). For all but one species, Dongsha was ranked within the top 15 out of 115 large reefs in the South China Sea for betweenness centrality. Thus, for most species, Dongsha Atoll provides an essential link for maintaining stepping-stone gene flow across the SCS. Conclusions This multispecies study provides the most comprehensive examination of the role of Dongsha Atoll in marine connectivity in the South China Sea to date. Combining new and existing population genetic data for nine coral reef species in the region with a graph theoretical analysis, this study provides evidence that Dongsha Atoll is an important hub for sustaining connectivity for the majority of coral-reef species in the region.

The habitat of endophytic bacteria in plant tissues making it automatically used by plants to protect themselves against pathogenic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria have been applied in various fields, including agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, and biotechnology. This review was carried out to summarize recent studies focusing on the diversity of endophytic bacteria derived from traditional medicinal plants which have antibacterial activity and extracellular enzymes. This article was prepared and written by referring to literature studies collected from books and online journal publication. The literature review of endophytic bacteria focused on Vernonia anthelmintic, Saurauia scaberrinae, and Ki rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) plants. The results revealed that endophytic bacteria obtained from Vernonia anthelmintic plant is from Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Pantoea genus which possess the same biological properties as the host plant, producing antibacterial activity. Saurauia scaberrinae plant successfully isolated endophyte fungus Phoma sp. which produces phomodione (4) and cercosporamide. Phomodione (4) exhibit inhibitory activity against S. aureus, P. ultimum, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani. Cercosporamide exhibits inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Endophytic bacteria were also isolated from Ki rinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), including BECB3, BECB 4, BECA 8, BECA 5, BECA 1, and BECA 10 isolates which have extracellular enzyme activities such as β-amylase, α-amylase, cellulase, chitinase, and protease. Understanding endophytic bacteria in medicinal plants can help researchers apply them effectively.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (World Health Organization. Tuberculosis (TB) is also one of the main public health problems that has become one of the biggest threats in the world, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, TB (tuberculosis) is one of the risk factors for a person to be susceptible to being infected with COVID-19. The aim of the study was to determine the factors that influence medication adherence in TB (tuberculosis) patients during the Covid-19 pandemic at the LabuangBaji Hospital, Makassar. The research design used in this study is descriptive analytic research using a cross sectional study design. To determine the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable using joint measurements, the population is 128 people. respondents, the measuring instrument for measuring data is using a questionnaire. There is an influence between the knowledge variable about TB disease (tuberculosis) on the adherence to treatment of TB patients (tuberculosis) during the covid-19 pandemic at LabuangBaji Hospital Makassar showing a value (0.005 < 0.05), There is an influence between the variables of family support on treatment adherence TB patients (tuberculosis) during the covid-19 pandemic at LabuangBaji Hospital Makassar showed a value (0.003 < 0.05), There was an influence between the anxiety variable on adherence to treatment for TB patients (tuberculosis) during the covid-19 pandemic, LabuangBaji Hospital Makassar showed a value (0.001 < 0.05). There is an influence between knowledge of TB disease (tuberculosis), family support, anxiety and adherence to treatment for TB patients during the covid-19 pandemic at LabuangBaji Hospital Makassar.

Application of agroforestry systems in Indonesia through production forest programs in Java. Impact on the use of the production forest land. This research  aims to present a variety of positive and negative effects on the use of production forest land for agricultural production in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry activities certainly have both positive and negative impacts on the primary production of forestry, the environment, and the income of communities living around the forest. Positive effects include:  Increasing land productivity/value-added, accelerating the growth of primary production, providing  short and medium-term income, reducing the risk of forest fires ,Opening up forest fires.Employment opportunities, Improving the environment and biodiversity, reducing global warming, producing dry leaf mulch, and increasing people's income. The negative impact of agroforestry patterns is the tendency of agroforestry farmers to extend the farming time by disrupting primary production