The perceived private economic benefits of a cholera vaccine were high, but not evenly distributed across the population. A minority of the people in Hue place no value on receiving a cholera vaccine.
The demand function for vaccines against typhoid fever was estimated using stated preference data collected from a random sample of 1065 households in Hue, Vietnam, in 2002. These are the first estimates of private willingness-to-pay (WTP) and demand functions for typhoid vaccines in a developing country. Mean respondent WTP for a single typhoid fever vaccine ranged from USD 2.30 to USD 4.80. Mean household WTP estimates (vaccinating all members of the household) ranged from USD 21 to USD 27. Demand was similar for vaccines with different degrees of effectiveness and intervals of duration. These results suggest a significant potential for private sector provision of typhoid fever vaccines in Hue.
Đối với Muslim, tình dục là nhu cầu bản năng hết sức tự nhiên và thiết yếu của loài người, nhưng quan hệ tình dục chỉ trong sáng, lành mạnh khi được thực hiện trong phạm vi hôn nhân. Muslim cũng quan niệm rằng kết hôn vừa là trách nhiệm vừa là một hành vi thiêng liêng còn gia đình là nơi gắn kết hai trái tim để yêu thương và chia ngọt sẻ bùi. Trong gia đình, chồng phải đối xử tử tế với vợ, bảo vệ vợ, vợ phải nghe lời chồng, nỗ lực để làm hài lòng chồng, cha mẹ phải quan tâm chăm sóc con cái, con cái phải tôn trọng, đối xử tử tế với cha mẹ… Để điều chỉnh mối quan hệ giữa các thành viên trong gia đình, bảo vệ quyền lợi của mỗi bên và giữ gìn hạnh phúc, Islam giáo đã đưa ra những quy định rất cụ thể, chi tiết về tình dục, hôn nhân và đời sống gia đình.
As an important area in terms of biodiversity and fish stocks in Vietnam, Cu Lao Cham or Cham Islands (CLC) marine protected area (MPA) is under increasing threat from human activities. Conservation efforts have recently been implemented but economic analysis of the CLC MPA’s natural values did not investigate what may affect policy decisions on CLC MPA’s sustainable development. Using a structured questionnaire and a payment card technique (based on the contingent valuation method), we estimate visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of marine resources in the CLC MPA. The log-normal regression results indicate that the visitors’ WTP for conservation is affected by their characteristics, perceptions of environmental protection and conservation, and their assessment of the current CLC MPA entrance fee. Visitors are WTP an additional amount of US$2.26 per person for conservation while visiting the CLC MPA. This indicates that with the introduction of the proposed entrance fee (the mean WTP added to the current entrance fee), the CLC MPA management would not only have sufficient funds for their management and conservation programmes, but also that the number of visitors may decline slightly, which would reduce some of the pressure on the environment, natural resources, and coral reefs.
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