This paper assesses the implementation of four selected IWRM principles in four very different river basins in Europe and Asia. The four principles relate to all the different aspects of sustainable development-environmental, social, economic and institutional-as well as the factor that is particularly crucial in many countries of the South: implementation capacity. The paper is based on the work performed in the EC-funded STRIVER project, "Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM-An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning river basins". The four basins-Tungabhadra and Sesan (in Asia), and Tagus and Glomma (in Europe) exemplify very different problems and challenges with regard to IWRM: different levels of socio-economic development and very varying problems with regard to water quality and availability. The paper shows that the implementation of IWRM is at a fairly early stage in all the four STRIVER basins; and that successful implementation of water resources is dependent not only on the existence of relevant policies, but also the degree to which laws and policies are in fact implemented.

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Soybean is a high valuable crop of Vietnam and many other countries. The ability of soybean plants in nitrogen fixation and soil improvement is attributed to their symbiosis with different rhizobia in the root nodules. It has been well documented that members of genus Rhizobium are the most effective in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legumes. Recently, in oder to minimize undesired accumulation of agro-chemicals and metal salts in soil, nanotechnology products have been intensively studied and applied as nanofertilizers. In this report, the effect of nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and copper on the in vitro growth of nitrogen fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium fredii T14 and nodulation in the root of soybean DT26 was studied. In the cultures of S. fredii T14, nano Fe at the final concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 ppm did not affect the growth, but the latter was reduced of 20, 35 and 46% at 100, 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. No growth inhibition was observed at nano Co concentrations below 10 ppm, while it was reduced of 73% at 500 ppm. Nano Cu seemed to have significant adverse effect on S. fredii T14, showing growth inhibition of 23, 68 and 100% at the concentrations of 5, 25 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively. The production of extracellular polysaccharide by S. fredii T14 was not affected at the concentrations of nano Fe and Co below 250 ppm, while drastic decrease occurred at the presence of nano Cu. Laboratory experiments showed that nanoparticles of all three studied metals at extremely low concentration of 2 ppm significantly increased the number of effective nodules in the roots of soybean DT26 and enhanced the plant growth.

Tóm tắt: Ng y n y nghi n ứu tìm kiếm á d ng v t li u si u nhỏ trong sản xuất phân bón sử dụng ho n ng nghi p t gây tá dụng gây độ tế b o tr n người v á lo i vi sinh v t khá trở th nh xu thế tất yếu. Trong b i báo n y húng t i đư r một s kết quả đánh giá ảnh hưởng ủ á h t n no kim lo i (Cu, ZnO, MnO 2 , B 2 O 3 , Fe và MoO 3) có trong phân bón đến quá sinh trưởng v phát triển ủ hủng vi khuẩn Pseudomonas sp. 52. Cá h t n no kim lo i ó trong phân bón đã kh ng gây ảnh hưởng nhiều đến ho t t nh enzym protease, amylase và cellulase ngo i b o ủ vi khuẩn Pseudomonas sp. 52 ở nồng độ 10 µg/ml dị h enzym. Kiểm tr bằng phương pháp khuế h tán tr n th h, các á h t n no kim lo i có trong phân bón kh ng gây ứ hế s phát triển ủ hủng Pseudomonas sp. 52 ở nồng độ 10-200 µg/ml. Chủng Pseudomonas sp. 52 ở điều ki n nu i lắ 150 vòng/phút v nhi t độ l 30C ó bổ sung nồng độ á h t n no kim lo i 10 v 100 µg/ml đã bị ứ hế quá trình phát triển trong thời gi n 3 giờ đầu; ở pH 4 tá động ủ á lo i h t n no kim lo i ó trong phân bón n no đến quá trình phát triển ủ vi khuẩn Pseudomonas sp. 52 m nh hơn ở pH =7 v pH =10. Kết quả hụp EM ho thấy tế b o hủng Pseudomonas sp. 52 đã bị phá hủy s u khi nu i lắ với phân bón n no kim lo i dẫn đến tế b o bị hết.