Global warming and undeniable climatic change in the world have led to decreasing thermal comfort for humans. Urban heat island (UHI) is the most documented phenomenon which has led to the increasing temperature in urban areas. It has received much focus in the past few decades to evaluate the main effective criteria of UHI. Street heat has negative effects on human health and will only worsen in future; these negative effects would double in hot and dry urban area. This paper investigates the effects of UHI in these cities and illustrates the important factors which make them extremely hot. The outcome of this study can be used to determine the key guidelines for urban designers, urban planners, architects and landscape designers to recline the UHI impressions in urban areas and make more thermal comfort for Burgher.
Clever decision making in the selection of building materials is a topic that focuses on important aspects of the building industry. The materials used in the facade of the building not only affect the appearance of the building and the city but also affect the environmental, social, economic, energy efficiency and other kinds of aspects. Considering the importance of this issue, in this research, the city of Tehran was studied in terms of building materials and tried to solve the problems of Tehran by identifying and analyzing the current situation. Statistical analysis was performed using R software packages version 3.5.0 and Microsoft Excel. The most important result of the data is that travertine has been identified as the most commonly used material in Tehran since the past 10 years. In this research, after examining the various types of materials used in the facade of the buildings in Tehran, we seek to discover the relationship between the type of building materials and the building age. In addition, after examining sample buildings, several common types of combinations of materials have been presented in the facades of Tehran's buildings. Keywords: building materials, building facade, travertine
Iranians used wind catchers to achieve harmony between a structure and the environment and guarantee the environmental comfort of the indoor areas. Wind catchers were the symbols of Persian architecture and with introduction of modern technologies, these traditional elements became obsolete. Rapid population and traffic lead to use underground spaces in cities. This paper proves the ability of wind-catchers to provide natural ventilation in underground spaces based on climatic parameters. Simulation was conducted in complete computational fluid dynamics package to simulate wind in underground space. Results demonstrate that in specific climate condition, wind-catchers could provide natural ventilation for underground space.
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