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Dental erosion is defined as irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, caused by acid condition in the oral cavity without bacterial involvement. One of the signs of dental erosion is calcium dissolution of the enamel. Yoghurt is a fermented beverage that has low pH level due to lactic acid. The aim of this study was to measure the solubility of calcium enamel after soaking in yoghurt for 12 and 18 hours. Twenty-four premolars were divided into 4 groups. Group A and B were soaked in milk for 12 and 18 hours; group C and D were soaked in yoghurt for 12 and 18 hours. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to measure the solubility of calcium from each sample. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD (p<0.05). This study indicated that soaking premolars in yoghurt for 18 hours has greater enamel calcium dissolution than in yoghurt for 12 hours. It can be concluded that prolonged soaking premolars in yoghurt will increase the calcium enamel dissolution.Key words: dental erosion, yoghurt, pH level, Calcium dissolution. ABSTRAK

Background: Antibacterial is a substance that can disturb bacteria growth activity or eliminate it. Nutmeg is one of the natural substances that have antibacterial activity, such as essential oil, saponin, and alkaloid. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of nutmeg extract in inhibiting Streptococcus viridans growth. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental with posttest only control group design. Distilled water was used as the negative control group; chlorhexidine gluconate 2% was used as the positive control group; the treatment group used nutmeg extract with concentrations of 16%, 12%, 8%, and 4%, respectively. Antibacterial activity testing using agar diffusion (Kirby-Baurer Discs) with Shapiro-Wilk test data analysis, Levene-Test, one-way ANOVA test, and Post-Hoc Test. Result: The result showed that nutmeg extract has an antibacterial effect on the Streptococcus viridans with the most inhibitory zone, at 16% concentration (8,34 mm), while in the positive control the inhibition zone was (17.26 mm). Conclusion: This study concluded that nutmeg extract at a concentration of 16%, 12%, 8%, and 4% have an antibacterial effect in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus viridans, but is not as effective as chlorhexidine gluconate 2%.

Previous studies have shown that the majority of children in Indonesia have poor oral hygiene. Children who attend boarding school are sometimes facing difficulties in accessing dental health providers. In this kind of situation, knowledge of oral health and how to do a proper dental cleaning is crucial and must be mastered not only by students but also their teachers who spend most time with them at the boarding school. This goal can be achieved by the collaboration of dental public health and the school and community members.

Introduction: The biggest problem in oral health is dental caries and periodontal disease. The way to prevent dental and mouth problems is to keep oral hygiene. One of them is adequate plaque control. Plaque control can be done by brushing teeth and using toothpaste. Currently, many herbal ingredients have been used as antibacterials such as gambir (Uncaria gambir). Gambir mainly contains catechins and tannins, which have the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential of toothpaste containing gambir (Uncaria gambir). Methods: The total sample was 30, and it divided into three groups. Samples  were toothpaste containing  ten  percent  of  Uncaria gambir extract,  fluoride,  placebo  toothpaste, Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive), Phorphyromonas  gingivalis (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity of toothpaste with gambir (Uncaria gambir) extract against microorganisms was observed with the formation of inhibitory zone diameter in agar. Data were analyzed by using SPSS with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The results showed that toothpaste containing gambir extract could inhibit the Streptococcus mutans (p<0.05), Phorphyromonas  gingivalis (p<0.05), Candida albicans (p<0.05) compared significantly with placebo (p<0.05). Antimicrobial toothpaste containing gambir extract had no different effect from toothpaste containing fluoride. However, toothpaste containing gambir extract had significantly different effect than toothpaste containing fluoride. Conclusion: It can be concluded that toothpaste containing  gambir  (Uncaria gambir)  extract  has  antimicrobial  potential  against Streptococcus mutans, Phorphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans. These findings showed that the extract of Uncaria gambir possesses potent antimicrobial activity. KEYWORDantimicrobial, Candida albicans, Phorphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Uncaria gambir