In France, the parties of the Left have been in power for two thirds of the period since the beginning of the 1980s. Thus the Left has had time to express itself and to show the world its true nature, in its diversity and its internal contradictions. It inherited a serious situation, in which big state and private enterprises were facing difficulties in international markets and a prolonged economic recession which its leaders became aware of only belatedly. Moreover, the economic constraints resulting from globalisation, and the more institutional constraints arising from the European Union, obviously limited possible responses to the situation. However, could the Left not lean for support on the expectations on the ‘people of the Left’ who had lived through 23 years of domination by the parties of the Right? Was it inevitable that the governments of the Left would continue the liberal economic policy, favourable to capital, while clothing it in an egalitarian veil, and above all masking it with humanist discourse? What effect do these practices have on social affairs, on the workplace, on unemployment issues, on civic life, on the family etc.?
Résumé Depuis 1946 les services de médecine du travail puis de santé au travail (SST) sont dirigés, organisés et financés par les employeurs et leurs représentants. De nombreux médecins s’accommodent de cette situation tout en exprimant un malaise diffus mais certain. L’enquête qualitative menée auprès de médecins du travail et de salariés montre que les pratiques médicales en santé au travail, sous leurs formes passées et actuelles, ne parviennent pas vraiment à produire un ensemble d’actions cohérentes au regard des objectifs affichés (préservation de la santé au travail, adaptation du travail à l’homme). Ces pratiques s’inscrivent dans le cadre de structures institutionnelles qui ont privilégié la visite médicale d’aptitude au détriment de l’action dans l’entreprise en lien avec l’organisation et les conditions de travail. Les analyses d’entretiens de médecins du travail et de salariés permettent de rendre compte de la portée et des limites de pratiques professionnelles en quête de légitimité mais aussi de la cohérence des solutions qui se cherchent aujourd’hui.
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