The administration of a daily lozenge of L. reuteri for 30 days, together with mechanical debridement of the whole mouth, improved the clinical parameters of implants with mucositis or peri-implantitis over a period of at least 90 days, but the microbiological effect was much more limited. Probiotics provide an alternative therapeutic approach to consider in the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases, but further long-term prospective studies with standardized variables are needed.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic tuberculous granulomatous mastitis (CTGM) is a rare form of tuberculosis (TB) treated primarily with anti-TB drugs. Oncoplastic surgery (OS) has been proposed as adjuvant therapy for CTGM.METHOD: We followed for 1 year every CTGM patients and assessed the efficacy (defined as non-recurrence and no need for corticosteroids) and safety attributable to the standard anti-TB drugs therapy with and without OS.RESULTS: We analysed 128 CTGM cases, including 78 (61%) treated with OS plus anti-TB drugs and 50 (39%) with anti-TB drugs only. We observed a significantly higher efficacy among those exposed vs. unexposed to OS (100% vs. 92%; prevalence ratio [PR] 1.09, 95% CI 1.00–1.18), with no difference in the number of complications (21% vs. 8%; PR 2.56, 95% CI 0.91–7.26). We also observed that the incidence of post-operative complications decreased by 50% when OS was postponed from after Month 1 to after completing Month 2 of anti-TB drugs treatment (19% to 8%; PR 0.46, 95% CI 0.13–1.62).CONCLUSION: OS appears to represent an efficacious and safe adjuvant therapy when combined with anti-TB drugs in the treatment of CTGM patients, but clinical trials are needed to prove this observation.