The implications from the Brazilian federal structure on the regionalization of health actions and services in the National Unified Health System (SUS) were analyzed, considering that the regional health planning in Brazil takes place within the context of intergovernmental relations as an expression of cooperative federalism in health. The analysis was based on a historical approach to Brazilian health federalism, recognizing two development periods, decentralization and regionalization. Regional health planning of SUS was explored in light of the theoretical framework of federalism. It is concluded that relative centralization of the process is needed in intergovernmental committees to actualize federal coordination and that it is essential to consider formalizing opportunities for dissent, both in regional management boards and in the intergovernmental committees, so that the consensus decision-making can be accomplished in healthcare regionalization.
Estudaram-se as bases jurídico-institucionais presentes no ordenamento constitucional e na legislação sanitária que propiciam a regionalização das ações e serviços de saúde no federalismo brasileiro. A análise fundou-se no reconhecimento de que, pela natureza federativa do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a regionalização é condicionada pelo modelo de federalismo existente no Brasil e por sua expressão no âmbito sanitário. Revisaram-se os fundamentos do federalismo como forma de organização do Estado e, em seguida, expuseram-se elementos particulares do federalismo cooperativo brasileiro, explorando duas modalidades essenciais de relação intergovernamental no plano federativo: o planejamento regional urbanístico e os consórcios públicos. Apresentou-se, então, a estrutura do federalismo sanitário brasileiro e examinou-se seu processo de construção por uma abordagem da descentralização político-administrativa nas dimensões municipal e regional, observando especialmente as atuais diretivas estabelecidas pelo Pacto pela Saúde. Concluiu-se que a regionalização no SUS tem base normativa bem defi nida e representa manifestação legítima do federalismo cooperativo amparada no direito sanitário brasileiro.
This study aims to examine the implications of Brazilian federal structure in the regionalization process of healthcare services of the national health system (Sistema Único de Saúde-SUS). The core idea is that, by its federal nature, the regional health planning in Brazil must take place in context of intergovernmental relations founded on the institutional configuration of cooperative federalism in the country and on its expression in health. The method includes the use of bibliographic material and incorporation of empirical research components. The analysis is based on a diachronic approach, taking federalism as an organizing principle of State which is manifested in its various dimensions. Therefore, the phenomenon of federalism is studied in terms of its evolution in time and, so concatenated, starting with its general aspects towards specific ones which are expressed in the Brazilian State and particularly in health. The Brazilian health federalism is approached from its entry into the constitutional order, with two clearly defined development periods: decentralization and regionalization. Empirical elements are added from a study in which health regionalization is characterized from ideas expressed by political actors representing the perspectives of three levels of government. The conditioning factors of SUS' regional health planning are then explored in light of the federalism theoretical framework taking three dimensions of analysis: normative basis, funding structure and political dynamics. Thus, facilitators and barriers to regional health planning are identified and opportunities for actualizing this organizational guideline in SUS are indicated. It is concluded that health regionalization in Brazil is supported by well-defined regulatory framework, proceeding from assimilation of cooperative federalism principles in Brazilian health law, and that it has obstacles derived from the federal model of financing and related to the operation of intergovernmental relations established in SUS.
A inteligência artificial se desenvolve rapidamente e a saúde é uma das áreas em que as novas tecnologias desse campo são mais promissoras. O uso de inteligência artificial tem potencial para modificar a forma de prestação da assistência à saúde e do autocuidado, além de influenciar a organização dos sistemas de saúde. Por isso, a regulação da inteligência artificial na saúde é um tema emergente e essencial. Leis e normas específicas são elaboradas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o marco inicial dessa regulação é a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, a partir do reconhecimento do direito à explicação e à revisão de decisões automatizadas. É preciso debater a abrangência desse direito, considerando a necessária instrumentalização da transparência no uso da inteligência artificial na saúde e os limites atualmente existentes, como a dimensão caixa-preta inerente aos algoritmos e o trade-off existente entre explicabilidade e precisão dos sistemas automatizados.
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