Investigating non‐random assemblages emerging in response to environmental gradients is relevant to understand mechanisms and processes affecting biodiversity. Species may be filtered from fractions of environmental gradients that limit dispersal, survival or ontogenetic development, which ultimately leads to biotic complementarities among sites. Non‐random assemblages as a response to environmental filtering have been widely demonstrated in Amazonian forests, but are rarely assessed in non‐forest ecosystems such as macrophyte meadows covering lakes. In this study, we sampled 50 plots (50 m long, 6 m wide) along continuous macrophyte meadows in a lake system in the lower Amazon River. Our main goal is to test the effects of distance from the lake bank, macrophyte height and composition (frequency of morphotype occurrence), air temperature and physicochemical properties of water (pH, dissolved oxygen, depth and temperature) on frog α and β‐diversity estimates, and frequency of species traits occurrence (abundance‐weighted body size, toe pads, foot webbing and tadpole habit). We found 16 species, for which local assemblages quantified by α and β‐diversity estimates were not random, but predicted by macrophyte height, morphotype composition and water depth. We have explicitly shown that species are filtered from fractions of these gradients through ecomorphological relationships, since morphological traits and tadpole habits were also selected by the vertical stratification provided by the vegetation cover and water depth. Overall, we present an investigation of assemblage ecology that is relevant to conservation, because the results suggest biotic complementarities within habitats that are rarely considered as distinct biogeographic units from the surrounding várzea forests. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
O tecido cutâneo dos anfíbios é fundamental em muitos aspectos de sua vida. As características naturais da pele de um anfíbio fornecem um microambiente ideal para o crescimento de microrganismos diversos que auxiliam em muitos processos importantes para os hospedeiros. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a microbiota cutânea cultivável de anfíbios amostrados na região de Santarém, Oeste do Pará, Amazônia, Brasil. Para isso os anfíbios foram capturados em buscas ativas em horário noturno, entre os meses de novembro de 2017 a abril de 2019. O material cutâneo foi colhido por esfregaço na região dorsoventral do animal, utilizando um swab embebido em solução salina 0,85% até a diluição 10-3, e cultivado em placas de Petri contendo meio PCA. Posteriormente, o isolamento das colônias foi realizado de acordo com os morfotipos das bactérias e a identificação das cepas foi realizada por chave bioquímica para identificação ao menor nível taxonômico. Foram capturadas duas espécies de anfíbios, totalizando 25 indivíduos, sendo 15 exemplares de Rhinella major e 10 indivíduos de Rhinella marina. Foram identificadas 101 cepas bacterianas e destas 94% foram de bactérias Gram-positivo. Os gêneros bacterianos mais representativos em ambas as espécies de anfíbios foram Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus e Mycobacterium. Ainda que alguns gêneros de bactérias identificadas nesse estudo possuam espécies que sejam caracterizadas como potenciais agentes patogênicos, não foram encontrados indícios de que estariam causando danos aos animais estudados. Desse modo, é importante que novos estudos sejam realizados com o objetivo de sublimar e inspecionar a microbiota de anfíbios.
Fungal community on skin tissue of amphibians collected in the Santarém region, Pará, BrazilComunidade de fungos do tecido cutâneo de anfíbios coletados na região
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