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Eight patients with fatal penicilliosis caused by Penicillium marneffei are reported. All were natives of southern rural Guangxi, and none had a predisposing illness or evidence of altered immunity. The distinctive features of P. marneffei include proliferation of yeast-like cells within histiocytes, followed by the development of focal necrosis and, eventually, large abscesses. Outside the histiocytes, the fungi elongate, become slightly curved, and form septa. In vitro, P. marneffei produces a red pigment which diffuses into the culture medium. The differentiation between P. marneffei and Histoplasma capsulatum is described, and possible reservoirs for P. marneffei are discussed.

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