There is emerging evidence that diet has a major modulatory influence on brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) interactions with important implications for brain health, and for several brain disorders. The BGM system is made up of neuroendocrine, neural, and immune communication channels which establish a network of bidirectional interactions between the brain, the gut and its microbiome. Diet not only plays a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiome, but it can modulate structure and function of the brain through these communication channels. In this review, we summarize the evidence available from preclinical and clinical studies on the influence of dietary habits and interventions on a selected group of psychiatric and neurologic disorders including depression, cognitive decline, Parkinson’s disease, autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. We will particularly address the role of diet-induced microbiome changes which have been implicated in these effects, and some of which are shared between different brain disorders. While the majority of these findings have been demonstrated in preclinical and in cross-sectional, epidemiological studies, to date there is insufficient evidence from mechanistic human studies to make conclusions about causality between a specific diet and microbially mediated brain function. Many of the dietary benefits on microbiome and brain health have been attributed to anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the microbial metabolites of dietary fiber and polyphenols. The new attention given to dietary factors in brain disorders has the potential to improve treatment outcomes with currently available pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies.

This indicates that specific CERAD variables seem to be sensitive to alcohol-related cognitive dysfunctions in elderly patients with suspected minor neurocognitive disorder. (JINS, 2018, 24, 360-371).

Das Hauptziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war die Untersuchung des differentialdiagnostischen Nutzens der CERAD neuropsychologischen Testbatterie zur Unterscheidung geriatrischer Patienten mit leichter kognitiver Störung/MCI (n = 345) mit versus ohne depressiver Symptomatik. Alle Analysen wurden doppelt gerechnet (ICD-10-konforme MCI-Definition und amnestische MCI/a-MCI). Die optimalen empirischen Cutoff-Werte und die diagnostische Genauigkeit wurden mittels Receiver Operating Characteristic/ROC-Analysen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse sind abhängig vom verwendeten MCI-Definitionskriterium und bestätigen die differentialdiagnostische Nützlichkeit der CERAD, allerdings ausschließlich bei Verwendung ICD-10-konformer Definitionskriterien (nicht bei a-MCI). Der CERAD-Summenwert differenziert signifikant zwischen MCI-Patienten mit versus ohne depressiver Symptomatik (AUC = .634, p < .001), wobei die diagnostische Genauigkeit (61 %) insgesamt als gering einzustufen ist.