Two-dimensional space-resolved temperature and density images of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion core have been diagnosed for the first time. Argon-doped, direct-drive ICF experiments were performed at the Omega Laser Facility and a collection of two-dimensional spaceresolved spectra were obtained from an array of gated, spectrally resolved pinhole images recorded by a multi-monochromatic x-ray imager. Detailed spectral analysis revealed asymmetries of the core not just in shape and size but in the temperature and density spatial distributions, thus characterizing the core with an unprecedented level of detail.Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is an approach that utilizes laser produced ablation pressure to compress a millimeter-sized spherical shell capsule containing fuel (e.g., deuterium and tritium) and drive the fuel temperature and density to conditions suitable for ignition [1]. The key is a spherically symmetric and stable compression. While state-of-the-art hydrodynamics simulations have been used to design ignition implosions, the challenge of achieving a symmetric implosion experimentally has thus far prevented ICF from reaching the conditions required for successful ignition [2]. Hence, measuring the spatial asymmetry in the temperature and density distributions in the implosion core is crucial for understanding how to make it more symmetric.Several diagnostics were developed in the last few decades in order to investigate implosion core conditions. K-shell line emission spectroscopy using Ar as a tracer has proved to be a powerful tool to extract spaceaveraged electron temperature, T e , and density, n e [3-5]. However, two-dimensional (2-D) space-resolved spectra have never been extracted to study the asymmetries of T e and n e structures in the implosion core. X-ray pinhole imaging of ICF implosion cores has been used to study the shape and size of the core and, in particular, to characterize deviations from spherical symmetry [6,7]. Nevertheless, these images do not reveal the implosion asymmetries in T e and n e distributions.This Letter describes a new spectroscopic method that combines the ideas of Ar tracer spectroscopy and pinhole imaging to extract implosion core images in T e and n e without making symmetry assumptions. These pinhole images are extracted by analyzing a collection of 2-D space-resolved spectra obtained from an array of spectrally resolved core images. The direct measurement of temperature and density asymmetries in the core provides stringent constraints on what actually happens in implosion experiments and can be used to benchmark hydrodynamic simulations. The discussion here focuses on the application to ICF implosion core conditions; nevertheless, the ideas are general. The extraction and analysis of space-resolved spectra from spectrally resolved pinhole images opens up new possibilities for x-ray spectroscopy of high-energy density plasmas.The spectroscopic data were recorded in a series of Ar-doped ICF implosion experiments performed at the Omega Laser ...

Processing of spectrally resolved x-ray images of inertial confinement fusion implosion cores recorded with multimonochromatic x-ray imagers Journal of Applied Physics 109, 093303 (2011);

The histopathologic distinction between pigmented actinic keratosis (PAK) and atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations (AJMP) is a common problem, and it is one with meaningful clinical significance. Previous publications have suggested that Melanocyte Antigen Related to T-cells-1 (MART-1)--a melanocytic marker related to host immune response--was not useful in making this interpretative separation. To revisit that assertion, the authors selected 68 specimens that concerned the diagnosis of PAK vs. AJMP. The degree of morphologic difficulty attached to each case was rated semiquantitatively using a three-tiered scale, and interpretative problems were caused by cytologic similarity between atypical keratinocytes and aberrant melanocytes, obscuring lichenoid inflammation, subepidermal fibrosis, and an absence of clearly defined cell nests at the dermoepidermal junction. Each biopsy sample was immunostained for MART-1 (using antibody clone A103) with azure-B counterstaining; the principal criterion for a diagnosis of AJMP was that of confluent cellular positivity over at least 1 high-power (x400) microscopic field, in conjunction with nested cell growth. The specimens were then re-examined diagnostically. Immunostaining definitely improved interpretative certitude in 65 examples (96% effectiveness); the final diagnosis was that of PAK for 21 lesions and AJMP for 47. Three specimens--all of which represented AJMP--did not benefit by MART-1 staining. It is concluded that MART-1 immunostaining with azure-B counterstaining is a useful adjunct in the interpretation of problematic intra-epidermal pigmented lesions.

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A case of fetal anasarca secondary to an intrapericardial teratoma is reported. The clinical, echocardiographic, and histologic features are described, along with a review of intrapericardial lesions.