Climate change is a major challenge for Indonesia due to its impact on food, water, energy sustainability, and environmental health. Almost all Indonesian regions are exposed to floods, landslides, soil erosion, drought, and heavy rains. In response to these challenges, the Government of Indonesia has determined integrated watershed management (IWM) to be one of the key programs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as stated in the updated Indonesian nationally determined contribution (NDC). This paper intends to review Indonesia′s efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change through an IWM approach, and its attempts to realize a decent life and environment for all communities. Improvement of the IWM can be conducted by strengthening the synergy between the responsible institutions for watershed management and the responsible institutions for handling mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts. In addition, it is important to prioritize coordination, participation, and collaboration not only at the national government level but also at the international level, since numerous problems may exist in the transboundary between countries, and finding solutions should involve planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Implementing the micro watershed model (MWM), supported by culture, local wisdom, and traditional knowledge in communities, can be used to improve the current IWM.

The most frequent disasters that occur due to climate change are hydro-meteorological disasters that have an impact on human life. Structural and non-structural mitigation efforts have been carried out by the government and stakeholders. However, considering that human behavior also affects the occurrence of climate change, non-structural mitigation efforts need to receive special attention. On the other hand, the Indonesian people have local wisdom related to disaster mitigation, but currently, it has not been fully utilized. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide information and analyze some Indonesian local wisdom that can be utilized in disaster risk mitigation. The method used is a literature review. Based on the review, there are some local wisdom related to forest conservation, spring conservation, and soil and water conservation. Local wisdom in forest conservation as conducted in Aceh is using traditional law to manage their coastal forest, and in Bali and North Maluku by constructing forests as sacred places. Spring conservation using local wisdom can be found in Samigaluh, Kendal, and Sungai Langka, commonly by giving offerings, giving thanks, cooperation, and trusting spring as a sacred place that must be protected and respected. Local wisdom to conserve soil and water is applied in Aek Latong and Lerep villages by planting long-rooted plants on slopes to prevent landslides. The synergy of government efforts and the preservation of local wisdom is a good strategy for disaster mitigation.