Resumo As ondas de calor impactam setores socioeconômicos em diversas regiões do mundo. Dentro deste tema, o efeito do calor à saúde pública é um dos mais estudados, especialmente no que tange ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade humana. Procurando dar subsídios para possíveis ações mitigadoras no Brasil, o presente estudo propõe apresentar as características de frequência, duração, abrangência espacial e intensidade das ondas de calor. Utilizou-se dados de temperatura máxima diária (Tmax) da série histórica (1961-2014) de 265 estações meteorológicas do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), separadas em três áreas do Brasil. Primeiramente, selecionou-se os eventos que, durante três ou mais dias, pelo menos a metade das observações na área apresentaram Tmax superando a média de Tmax mais um desvio padrão. Posteriormente, a média espacial e temporal da Tmax foi definida como intensidade, Int. Por fim, os eventos com valores superiores ao terceiro quartil de Int foram definidos como ondas de calor. Foram encontradas 11 ondas de calor na área 1, 23 na área 2 e 31 na área 3, a maioria na primavera e/ou verão. Nosso principal achado mostra que o número de ondas de calor tem aumentado ao longo das últimas cinco décadas, sendo a maioria das ocorrências concentradas após os anos 2000, na atual fase fria da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP). Também nesse período, foram verificadas as ondas de calor mais duradouras e intensas. As conclusões deste trabalho sobre frequência, duração e intensidade das ondas de calor aparecem como forte indicativo de que as mudanças climáticas globais têm influenciado o campo de temperatura no Brasil.
Extreme temperatures have caused various damages to society around the world. In Brazil, an example of that is the impact of cold and heat waves on public health. In order to analyse the temporal and spatial variability of such events, this study applied a single criterion to identify cold and heat waves. The study collected data on the events from daily temperature records from 264 weather stations over 56 years (1961–2016). The following parameters were used to describe each event: frequency, duration, severity, and intensity. The results showed that in all the Brazilian regions the frequency of heat waves increased and that of cold waves decreased between the years 1961 and 2016. The number of heat waves per year, notably, was greater than that of cold waves, and the mean duration of heat waves was about 1 day longer than that of cold waves. Additionally, it was found that cold waves were more severe and intense in areas often reached by cold air masses with temperatures below zero in most of Southern Brazil. In terms of severity and intensity of heat waves, two different configurations were observed: They were more severe in the Southern region and more intense in the Midwestern region of the country, and not so expressive in the Northern and Northeastern regions. Those findings justify the need for continuous updating of public policies focused on sectors often affected by cold and heat.
It is well known that excessive heat exposure causes heat disorders and can lead to death in some situations. Evaluation of heat stress on workers performing indoor and outdoor activities is, nowadays, conducted worldwide by wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, which calculation parameters are dry-bulb, natural wet-bulb, and globe temperatures, which must be measured at the same time and in location where the worker is conducting his/her activities. However, for some activities performed in large outdoor areas such as those of agricultural ones, it is not feasible to measure directly those temperatures in all work periods and locations where there are workers. Taking this into account, this work aims to introduce a WBGT index estimation using atmospheric variables observed by automatic meteorological stations. In order to support our estimation method, we used, as a test-bed, data recorded in the State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. By adding the cloudiness factor in the calculation through measurement of solar radiation, the algorithm proved to be as efficient as those mentioned in this work. It was found that this method is viable, with WBGT-estimated values obtained from meteorological data measured by stations with a distance of less than 80 km. This estimate can be used for monitoring heat stress in real time as well as to investigate heat-related disorders and agricultural work.
Os cortadores de cana-de-açúcar exercem atividade muito pesada e em condições precárias de trabalho. Além disso, fatores ambientais podem ser um importante agravante à sobrecarga térmica desses trabalhadores. Neste artigo, analisa-se a condição atmosférica no dia da morte de 14 trabalhadores do corte de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Compara-se valores estatísticos históricos da temperatura, umidade, vento e radiação com os valores destas variáveis meteorológicas observadas no dia de cada óbito. Os dados atmosféricos foram obtidos da reanálise do National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). Em 10 dos 14 casos analisados, as temperaturas observadas nos dias dos óbitos foram maiores ou iguais à média somada ao desvio-padrão. Em seis desses casos o valor da temperatura atingiu ou ficou muito próxima do recorde histórico. Constatou-se que a condição atmosférica pode ser um fator importante a ser considerado na análise das condições gerais de trabalho dos cortadores de cana-de-açúcar.
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