The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies program has set aggressive goals for energy efficiency improvements in buildings that will require collaboration between the DOE laboratories and the building industry. This report details the development of standard or reference energy models for the most common commercial buildings to serve as starting points for energy efficiency research. These models represent reasonably realistic building characteristics and construction practices. Fifteen commercial building types and one multifamily residential building were determined by consensus between DOE,

Zunil, a 10.1 km rayed crater in Elysium Planitia, Mars, produced more than 7 × 107 secondary craters ≥15 m in diameter. We mapped Zunil's rays from thermal IR THEMIS nighttime images up to 1700 km from the primary crater and mapped bright and dark ejecta craters (candidate secondaries) up to 3600 km range. Ray segments were mapped up to 450 km east of Zunil and up to 1700 km to the west. Both rays and bright ejecta craters are best detected over terrains with moderate thermal inertia, which are abundant west of but not east of Zunil. Nevertheless, our interpretation is that Zunil was created by a moderately oblique impact from the east. Zunil secondaries are abundant over all terrain types except the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF). Given the likely age of Zunil (<100 Ma), parts of the MFF must be eroding at ≥0.08 m/Ma. The size‐frequency distribution of the secondaries in Zunil's rays and probable distant secondaries (750–1700 km to the west of Zunil) have a cumulative power law exponent near –5, whereas secondaries between the major rays have an exponent near −3.4. We modeled the size‐velocity relationship for Zunil's ejected fragments; it is consistent with the predictions of Melosh (1984) for spallation of a strong surface layer and demonstrates that the inverse size‐velocity correlation continues up to at least 2 km/s.

Heather Burpee with the University of Washington's Integrated Design Lab reviewed an earlier draft of this report.The authors extend their thanks to their NREL colleagues Kyle Benne and Michael Sheppy for conducting formal internal reviews of this document, and to Stefanie Woodward and Sara Havig for providing editing assistance.Thousands of EnergyPlus simulations were run to fully debug and finalize the energy models referenced by this report. This would not have been possible without the support of the NREL High Performance Computing Center managed by Jim Albin and Wesley Jones. Additional thanks go to Torri Lopez of the NREL High Performance Computing Center for helping to install and maintain the software necessary to perform energy simulations on the Windows High Performance Computing cluster.Finally, several other NREL colleagues provided valuable guidance and information during the modeling process, either directly or through their past work. Ian Doebber contributed insights, particularly heating, ventilation, and air conditioning insights, gained through his work on previous healthcare projects. Jennifer Scheib provided electric lighting data. Kyle Benne provided programming and automation assistance, and Brent Griffith contributed invaluable EnergyPlus modeling and debugging assistance.ii Executive SummaryThe Commercial Buildings Group at NREL developed this Technical Support Document under the direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program. It documents the technical analysis performed and the resulting design guidance that will enable large hospitals to achieve whole-building energy savings of at least 50% over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. This report also documents in detail the modeling methods used to demonstrate that the design recommendations meet or exceed the 50% energy savings goal. MethodologyTo account for energy interactions between building subsystems, we used EnergyPlus (DOE 2010) to model the predicted energy performance of the baseline and low-energy buildings to verify that 50% energy savings are achievable in all climate zones. EnergyPlus computes building energy use based on the interactions between climate, building form and fabric, internal gains, and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems. The percent energy savings values presented in this document are based on a nominal minimally code-compliant building, as described in Standard 90.1-2004, and utilize a whole-building site energy use intensity metric (Torcellini et al. 2006).The following steps were used to determine 50% savings:1. Define architectural-program characteristics (design features not addressed by Standard 90.1-2004) for a typical large hospital, thereby defining a single prototype model. 2. Create baseline energy models for each climate zone that are elaborations of the prototype model and are compliant with Standard 90.1-2004, using industry feedback to strengthen the inputs for the baseline models. 3. Create low-energy models for each climate zone by applying a list...

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Table ES-2. Summary of Test Conditions and Resulting Load Shed for DR Evaluation Tests Test Load Shed Range ±95% (kW) Average Load Shed (kW) Outdoor Air Temp. Range (°F) Average Outdoor Air Temp. (°F) Baseline Load Range (kW) Average Baseline Load (kW) Average Additional Precool Power Draw (kW) x This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.