U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock

Deru, M.; Field, K.; Studer, Daniel; Benne, Kyle; Griffith, Brent; Torcellini, P.; Liu, Bing; Halverson, Mark A.; Winiarski, Dave; Rosenberg, Michael; Yazdanian, Mehry; Huang, Joe; Crawley, Drury B.

doi:10.2172/1009264

Cited by 727 publications

(616 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Furthermore, additional information was derived from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) commercial reference buildings (Deru et al, 2011). As an example of the diversity of the models, typical weekday occupancy from the studied buildings is illustrated in Fig.3.…”

Section: D) Schedules Occupancy and Internal Gainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling the energy and exergy utilisation of the Mexican non-domestic sector: A study by climatic regions

et al. 2015

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This paper presents the development of a bottom-up stock model to perform a holistic energy study of the Mexican non-domestic sector. The current energy and exergy flows are shown based on a categorisation by climatic regions with the aim of understanding the impact of local characteristics on regional efficiencies. Due to the limited data currently available, the study is supported by the development of a detailed archetype-based stock model using EnergyPlus as a first law analysis tool combined with an existing exergy analysis method. Twenty-one reference models were created to estimate the electric and gas use in the sector. The results indicate that sectoral energy and exergy annual input are 95.37 PJ and 94.28 PJ respectively. Regional exergy efficiencies were found to be 17.8%, 16.6% and 23.2% for the hot-dry, hot-humid and temperate climates respectively. The study concludes that significant potential for improvements still exists, especially in the cases of space conditioning, lighting, refrigeration, and cooking where most exergy destructions occur. Additionally, this work highlights that the method described may be further used to study the impact of large-scale refurbishments and promote national regulations and standards for sustainable buildings that takes into consideration energy and exergy indicators.

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Section: D) Schedules Occupancy and Internal Gainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For water heating boilers it was assumed ~80% efficiency according to current regulations. Finally, with regard to cooking services at schools, restaurants, hospitals and hotels, as no information on cooking equipment exists, the data was derived from the US DOE reference buildings (Deru et al, 2011).…”

Section: [Fig 3 About Here] E) General Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the energy and exergy utilisation of the Mexican non-domestic sector: A study by climatic regions

et al. 2015

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“…Each of the two prototype buildings are simulated in 16 U.S. cities, each representing a unique climate zone (as defined in ASHRAE 2010). The buildings' internal characteristics are identical from location to location; however the envelope characteristics vary according to DOE reference buildings (Deru et al 2011). These variations are summarized in the Methodology section.…”

Section: Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The buildings' internal characteristics are identical from location to location; however the envelope characteristics vary according to DOE reference buildings (Deru et al 2011). The building modeled for this study is the same as the building model used in the Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide (Deru et al 2011), except that the chilled-water and hot water pumping configuration is changed from constant primary to constant primary and variable secondary.v …”

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confidence: 99%

Energy Savings Modeling of Standard Commercial Building Re-tuning Measures: Large Office Buildings

Fernandez¹,

Katipamula²,

Wang³

et al. 2012

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Today, many large commercial buildings use sophisticated building automation systems (BASs) to manage a wide range of building equipment. While the capabilities of BASs have increased over time, many buildings still do not fully use the BAS's capabilities and the BASs are not properly commissioned, operated or maintained, which leads to inefficient operation, increased energy use, and reduced lifetimes of the equipment. This report investigates the energy savings potential of several common heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system re-tuning measures on a typical large office building prototype model, using the Department of Energy's building energy modeling software, EnergyPlus. The baseline prototype model uses roughly as much energy as an average large office building in the existing building stock, but does not utilize any re-tuning measures. Individual re-tuning measures simulated against this baseline include automatic schedule adjustments, damper minimum flow adjustments, thermostat adjustments, as well as dynamic resets (set points that change continuously with building and/or outdoor conditions) to static pressure, supply air temperature, condenser water temperature, chilled and hot water temperature, and chilled and hot water differential pressure set points. Six combinations of these individual measures have been formulated -each designed to conform to limitations to implementation of certain individual measures that might exist in typical buildings. All of these measures and combinations were simulated in 16 cities representative of specific U.S. climate zones.The modeling results suggest that the most effective energy savings measures are those that affect the demand-side of the building (air-systems and schedules). Many of the demand-side individual measures were capable of reducing annual HVAC system energy consumption by over 20% in most cities that were modeled. Supply-side measures (chiller, cooling tower and pump measures) affecting HVAC plant conditions were only modestly successful (less than 5% annual HVAC energy savings for most cities for all measures). Combining many of the re-tuning measures revealed deep savings potential. Some of the more aggressive combinations revealed between 35% and 75% reductions in annual HVAC energy consumption, depending on climate and building vintage.iv Executive SummaryToday, many large (>100,000 sf) commercial buildings use sophisticated building automation systems (BASs) to manage a wide range of building equipment. While the capabilities of BASs have increased over time, many buildings still do not fully use the BAS's capabilities and are not properly commissioned, operated or maintained, which leads to inefficient operation, increased energy use, and reduced lifetimes of the equipment.Periodic re-tuning of building controls and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems helps to reduce inefficient and faulty operations and improve building efficiency. Re-tuning is a systematic, semi-automated process of detecting, dia...

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“…The "enthalpy" economizer control option was selected because enthalpy-controlled economizers are less likely to cause indoor humidity problems in humid climates. The prototype buildings have been designed to be representative of the office building stock [11]. Modeling was performed for five representative U.S. climates (Baltimore, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing ventilation rates in U.S. offices: Implications for health, work performance, energy, and associated economics

Fisk

Black

Brunner

2012

Building and Environment

105

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U.S. Department of Energy Commercial Reference Building Models of the National Building Stock

Cited by 727 publications

References 9 publications

Modelling the energy and exergy utilisation of the Mexican non-domestic sector: A study by climatic regions

Modelling the energy and exergy utilisation of the Mexican non-domestic sector: A study by climatic regions

Energy Savings Modeling of Standard Commercial Building Re-tuning Measures: Large Office Buildings

Changing ventilation rates in U.S. offices: Implications for health, work performance, energy, and associated economics

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