The Brazilian Power System is mainly composed of renewable generation from hydroelectric and wind. Hence, spot and forward electricity prices tend to represent the inherently stochastic nature of these resources, while risk management is a measure taken by agents, especially hydro power plants (HPPs) to hedge against deep financial losses. A HPP goal is to maximize its profit considering uncertainties in forward electricity prices, spot prices, and generation scaling factor (GSF) for years ahead. Therefore, the objective of this work is to simulate the real decision-making process of a HPP, where they need to have a perspective of the forward market and future spot price assessment to negotiate forward electricity contracts. To do so, the present work models the uncertainty in electricity forward prices via two-stage stochastic programming, assessing the benefits of the stochastic solution in comparison to the deterministic one. In addition, different risk aversion levels are assessed using conditional value at risk (CVaR). An important conclusion is that the results show that the greater the HPP risk aversion is, the greater the energy selling via electricity forward contracts. Moreover, the proposed model has benefits in comparison to a deterministic approach.
This work presents a risk-averse stochastic programming model for the optimal planning of hybrid electrical energy systems (HEES), considering the regulatory policy applied to distribution systems in Brazil. Uncertainties associated with variables related to photovoltaic (PV) generation, load demand, fuel price for diesel generation and electricity tariff are considered, through the definition of scenarios. The conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) metric is used in the optimization problem to consider the consumer’s risk propensity. The model determines the number and type of PV panels, diesel generation, and battery storage capacities, in which the objective is to minimize investment and operating costs over the planning horizon. Case studies involving a large commercial consumer are carried out to evaluate the proposed model. Results showed that under normal conditions only the PV system is viable. The PV/diesel system tends to be viable in adverse hydrological conditions for risk-averse consumers. Under this condition, the PV/battery system is viable for a reduction of 87% in the battery investment cost. An important conclusion is that the risk analysis tool is essential to assist consumers in the decision-making process of investing in HEES.
O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento de sistemas híbridos de energia elétrica (SHEE) com análise de risco, considerando a política regulatória aplicada a sistemas de distribuição do Brasil (Resolução Normativa 482/2012 da ANEEL). Para tal, o problema é modelado como programação estocástica considerando incertezas associadas às variáveis aleatórias do problema: índice de claridade para o sistema fotovoltaico, demanda de carga, preço de combustível para geração termoelétrica e tarifa de energia. No modelo proposto, cenários são definidos para considerar as variáveis aleatórias citadas de forma combinada, ou seja, uma dada combinação dessas variáveis resulta em um cenário. Adicionalmente, a metodologia inclui ferramenta de análise de propensão ao risco econômico de cada consumidor. A metodologia determina o número e tipo de painéis fotovoltaicos, a capacidade de geração a diesel e de sistema de armazenamento a bateria, em que o objetivo é minimizar os custos de investimento e operação ao longo do horizonte de planejamento. Estudos de casos envolvendo dois consumidores comerciais de grande porte são introduzidos para avaliar a metodologia proposta. Para modelar e resolver o problema de otimização resultante, utilizou-se o modelo de desenvolvimento de código aberto, Pyomo, baseado em linguagem Python, em conjunto com o solver Gurobi. Uma importante conclusão é que a metodologia pode auxiliar consumidores na tomada de decisão sobre o investimento em SHEE
The present paper proposes an analysis of composite reliability of power system with aid of the artificial intelligence technique known as Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The model for evaluating reliability is based on the method of Non-Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (NS-MCS) with redispatch of generation through an Optimal Power Flow (OPF). The ANN is applied to determine condition of load shedding and to avoid the OPF in case of no load shedding. As a contribution, the paper proposes the analysis of different inputs of the ANN, as the total available generation and the available generation by bus. In order to assess the proposed approach, the IEEE-14 and IEEE-118 test systems are used, where the impacts of the ANN input variables can be evaluated. Resumo: O presente artigo propõe a análise de confiabilidade composta de sistemas de potência com suporte da técnica de inteligência artificial Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA). O modelo de avaliação de confiabilidade baseia-se no método de Simulação de Monte Carlo Não Sequencial (SMC-NS) com redespacho de geração via Fluxo de Potência Ótimo (FPO). A RNA é aplicada para determinar condição de corte de carga e evitar a execução do FPO para redespacho em caso de ausência de corte. Como contribuição na análise, o artigo propõe a análise de diferentes entradas para a RNA, como geração total disponível e a geração disponível por barra. Para avaliar a metodologia proposta, os sistemas testes IEEE-14 e IEEE-118 são utilizados, em que se pode verificar o impacto das variáveis de entrada da RNA.
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