This article is based on a comparative study of online campaigning and its effects by country and over time, using four of the largest European Union member states (France, Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom) as a case study. Our research explores the extent of embeddedness of online campaigning, the strategic uses of the whole online environment and in particular the use of the interactive features associated with web.2.0 era. However, our research goes beyond studies of online campaigning as we also determine whether online campaigning across platforms matters in electoral terms. Our data support the normalization hypothesis which shows overall low levels of innovation but that the parties with the highest resources tend to develop online campaigns with the highest functionality. We find that there is a vote dividend for those parties which utilized web.2.0 features the most and so offered visitors to their web presence a more interactive experience.

In this paper we analyse changes in the circulation of advertisements of policing products at security expos between 1995 and 2013. While the initial aim of the research was to evidence shifts in terrorist frames in the marketing of policing equipment before and after 9/11, our findings instead suggested that what we are seeing is the rise of marketing to police as 'vulnerable warriors', law enforcement officers in need of military weapons both for their offensive capabilities, as well as for the protection they can offer to a police force that is always under threat.

Background This article presents a case study about the role of data in the CATO Institute’s Police Misconduct Reporting Project and reflects on what constitutes police violence.Analysis Augmenting this data aggregation work, the article turns to additional data projects focused on recording police crime and misconduct to gather a broader understanding of incidents of police violence beyond acts that cause death. Conclusion and implications  It is only when we look at data on acts of violence that occur when an officer is on duty and off-duty, with or without a firearm, that a clearer sense of the traumatic cycle of policing can be understood. This way of looking at police data requires both broader practices of “copwatching,” as well as a broader definition of what counts as violence.Contexte  Cet article présente une étude de cas sur le rôle des données dans le Police Misconduct Reporting Project (Projet sur le recensement des inconduites policières) du CATO Institute et offre une réflexion sur ce qu’est la violence policière.Analyse  L’article complète cette étude de cas en examinant d’autres projets semblables portant sur les inconduites et crimes policiers afin d’en arriver à une meilleure compréhension d’instances de violence policière au-delà d’actions causant la mort.Conclusion et implications  C’est seulement quand on examine des données sur les actes violents ayant lieu quand un policier est de service ou non, avec ou sans arme à feu, qu’on peut mieux comprendre le cycle traumatique relatif au travail policier. Cette manière de considérer les données sur la police requiert à la fois des pratiques plus englobantes de surveillance des policiers et une définition plus large de ce qu’est la violence.