We evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and discriminative capacity of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) questionnaire in four different samples: two general adult populations ( N = 1,548, N = 964), one adolescent population ( N = 1,044), and young people with depressive symptomatology ( N = 307). Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were performed with subsamples from Studies 1 ( n = 773) and 2 ( n = 527), finding that the two- and three-factor solutions had a good fit. In a confirmatory factor analysis, the two-factor solution resulted in an adequate fit in a second set of subsamples from both studies ( n = 775, n = 517). In Study 3, we found good convergent and divergent validity with adequate and significant correlations found for depression (Beck's Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and neuroticism and extroversion (Big Five Inventory). In Study 4, the results of an EFA performed in a subsample ( n = 154) found that the two- and three-factor solutions were appropriate with the former solution being confirmed in a second subsample ( n = 153). Reliability was α = .85 for positive affect and α = .87 for negative affect. The PANAS questionnaire showed adequate indicators of validity and reliability in adult and adolescent populations as well as in a sample with depressive symptoms.
Introducción: Entre los múltiples retos que enfrenta un residente se encuentran las relaciones intrahospitalarias. En estas relaciones se han identificado maltratos hacia el residente que interfieren con su aprendizaje. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre este fenómeno en México.
Objetivo: Medir la percepción de diferentes tipos de maltrato en residentes y hacer un análisis bioético de los resultados.
Método: Se aplicó una encuesta electrónica de 107 preguntas a residentes del Estado de México para medir la percepción de maltratos psicológicos, físicos, académicos y sexuales. Se preguntó sobre quiénes ejercían los maltratos y sus consecuencias. El análisis estadístico incluyó la descripción de maltrato y sus tipos específicos, así como la frecuencia de variables sociodemográficas. Se realizó regresión logística para estimar la probabilidad de maltrato en función de variables de riesgo.
Resultados: Se obtuvieron 143 respuestas (tasa de respuesta: 8.2%), 84% de los residentes refirió haber sufrido maltratos, siendo el más frecuente el psicológico (humillaciones en el 78%), seguido por el académico (guardias de castigo en 50% y negación de la enseñanza en 40%) y por el físico (16% recibieron golpes, 35% fueron privados de alimentación y 1% de ir al baño durante sus guardias, como castigo). Además 21% fue presionado a consumir alcohol contra su voluntad. Los maltratos psicológicos y físicos fueron más frecuentes en especialidades quirúrgicas que médicas. Como consecuencia de los maltratos, el 89% de los residentes reportaron burnout, 71% depresión, 78% ansiedad y 58% mala atención a sus pacientes. Los principales responsables de los maltratos fueron residentes de jerarquía superior y médicos de base.
Conclusiones: Los maltratos durante la residencia son muy frecuentes y afectan los derechos humanos y la dignidad de los residentes. También reducen la capacidad de aprendizaje y la eficiencia de la educación médica de especialidad, en un país con alta demanda de atención de salud que requiere optimizar recursos económicos y humanos.
Research on sexuality has traditionally focused on sexual satisfaction, with studies into subjective sexual well-being being a recent phenomenon. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between sexual behavior, happiness, health, and subjective sexual well-being. The data were collected from 862 people aged between 18 and 50 years in Santiago, Chile, and were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The results showed that sexual behavioral indicators (sexual frequency, sexual caresses, and touching), happiness, and perception of health taken as a whole predicted 47.4% of subjective sexual well-being (SSWB). Analysis of the four items of subjective sexual well-being separately showed that the dimension of physical satisfaction was associated with three variables of sexual behavior indicators with a prediction percentage of 33.5%, whereas emotional satisfaction was associated with three variables of sexual behavior indicators and happiness, with a percentage of prediction of 43.3%. Satisfaction with sexual function was associated with perception of health and one sexual behavior indicator, with a prediction percentage of 29.2% of this variable. The importance of sex was associated with three sexual behavior variables that predicted 26.2% of this variable. The results confirm that subjective sexual well-being can be predicted and that its four dimensions present a different behavior compared to the study predictors.
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