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The aim of this work was to study the difference in interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

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Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) using interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) responses produced by T lymphocytes after stimulation by early secretory antigen target 6 (ESAT‐6), culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP‐10) or purified protein derivate (PPD) were carried out using ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) in whole blood culture supernatants from children with suspected TB disease (n = 21), latent TB infection (LTBI; n = 17) and negative controls (NC; n = 21) from Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The results were analysed using the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves and the areas under the curve (AUC) generated varied from 0.5 to 1.0 with higher values indicating increased discriminatory ability. Comparisons of AUCs were made using non‐parametric assumptions, and the differences were considered significant if P < 0.05. The ROC curve showed a statistical difference (P = 0.015) between the LTBI and NC groups with an AUC of 0.731, TB disease and NC (AUC = 0.780; P = 0.002) and a group with TB (latent infection + disease, n = 38) and NC (AUC = 0.758; P = 0.001) when the antigen used was ESAT‐6. No statistical difference was found between the groups when CFP‐10 or PPD was used. In conclusion, the ESAT‐6 test may be the most appropriate for diagnosis of childhood TB, both LTBI and TB disease, when associated with epidemiological and clinical data, especially in endemic areas such as Brazil.