Background:The membrane protein EspD is critical for pathogenic E. coli to inject virulence factors into host mammalian cells. Results: EspD inserts into membranes and forms an ϳ2.5-nm pore. Conclusion: Pore assembly is dependent on anionic phospholipids and acidic pH. Significance: Elucidating the structural mechanisms of pore formation advances understanding of the T3SS function in EPEC and EHEC infections.

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Ischemic monomelic neuropathy (IMN) is a little-known, painful axonal neuropathy, secondary to vascular occlusion or steal phenomenon. It typically occurs after vascular bypass, hemodialysis fistulization, or diabetic microvascular disease in the absence of significant clinical features of ischemia. There is limited literature to assist in the characterization and diagnosis of this condition. We describe three patients with IMN with no surgical or peripheral vascular disease history who exhibited spontaneous, persistent foot pain, edema numbness, and weakness with denervation on needle electromyogram in a distal lower leg peripheral nerve distribution. Occlusive disease was found in all patients on angiogram, requiring vascular bypass surgery.