We refer to the concept of the hidden story as a story about one’s own life, internalized in the mind and knowable “indirectly”, through a monologue and inference, using linguistic and literary theory tools. The aim of the study was to determine whether the hidden story thus reconstructed would be stable in time. A twenty-one-year-old woman was asked to deliver a ten-minute monologue on her upbringing. After two years the test was repeated. Both monologues were transcribed, analyzed and interpreted to isolate a hidden story from each of them. We reconstructed the earlier and later stories. Two threads: “rebellion” and “heritage” appeared in both stories, but they combined to form a more coherent narrative only in the later one. The “closeness with parents” thread, present in the earlier story, was replaced with the “marital love” thread. The character and pattern of the changes illustrate changes that result from developmental factors.

Most studies confirm that a combination of insecure attachment patterns in a couple has a negative effect on a romantic relationship. However, some research findings suggest otherwise. It is because they do not take account of relationship length as a moderating variable. The aim of this study was to examine the role of relationship length in predicting the effects of a combination of insecure attachment patterns on different aspects of its quality. The study involved 200 heterosexual couples. We used the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire to measure insecure attachment patterns (anxiety and avoidance) and the Couple Satisfaction Index-32 to determine relationship satisfaction. The other aspects of relationship quality (tenderness, communication, conflict behavior) were examined by means of the Partnership Questionnaire. The key results showed that with time the selected indicators of relationship quality deteriorate in a combination of anxious and avoidant patterns, while they improve in a combination of both anxious patterns.

This study tested whether compassionate goals to support others and self-image goals to maintain and defend desired self-images: 1) are equivalent constructs across three cultures (U.S., Japan, Poland); 2) overlap with interdependent self-construal; and 3) predict relationships and growth measures similarly in each country. We re-analyzed data from American (n = 130) and Japanese (n = 203) students, reported in Niiya et al. (2013), along with new data from Poland (n = 246). Single and multiple group confirmatory analyses showed that the two-factor structure holds across the three cultures. Interdependence correlated with compassionate and self-image goals only in Japan. In all three samples, compassionate goals correlated with non-zero-sum belief, feeling close, growth-seeking, self-compassion, and learning from failures, whereas self-image goals correlated with defensive responses to conflicts and validation-seeking. Our results suggest that compassionate and self-image goals may serve similar functions in relationships and growth across cultures.

What are you saying when you are talking about…? Procedure for isolating a hidden story in a monologue about the author's own life 4Abstract: Our article describes and illustrates a procedure for isolating a hidden story from a monologue on an assigned topic. The procedure involves four stages: 1) collecting data and preparing transcripts; 2) identifying out-of-key elements; 3) analysing and interpreting a text by means of linguistic and literary theory devices; 4) formulating a hidden story. In deducing a hidden story from narratively out-of-key elements, the vital part was identifying the rules of speech and analysing the contexts in which they were used in the monologue. The hidden story was reconstructed as a one-level narrative pattern on the basis of information inferred from different contexts of using speech rules, as well as from information explicit in the monologue. Our article also discusses the theoretical and clinical value, and new trends in the research on hidden stories. Streszczenie:W artykule opisaliśmy oraz zilustrowaliśmy na przykładzie procedurę wyodrębniania opowieści ukrytych z wypowiedzi monologowych na zadany temat. Procedura obejmowała cztery etapy: 1) zebranie danych i przygotowanie transkrypcji; 2) wyszukanie elementów wyróżniających się narracyjnie; 3) analizę i interpretację tekstu z wykorzystaniem narzędzi lingwistycznych i teoretycznoliterac-The procedure described here was adopted in the analysis of monologues on being brought up and bringing up children (Kuncewicz, Sokołowska, Sobkowicz, 2014b, 2015. Also, within our graduate seminars dissertations are being prepared in which students analyse monologues about relationships, life changes, motivation to help and the process of "building up" femininity.

The purpose of this review was to come closer to answering the question why insight gained in psychotherapy does not necessarily lead to a change in patient’s behaviour. The review of literature on the subject of insight allowed us to distinguish two types of insight: “more intellectual than emotional” (I-e) and “more emotional than intellectual” (E-i). In addition, we differentiated E-i insight with a component of negative emotions (aversive) and with a component of positive emotions (corrective). We assumed that each type of insight would motivate the patient to change their behaviour in a different way. The I-e insight makes it easier for the patient to achieve concrete adaptive goals, the E-i aversive insight discourages them from attaining maladaptive goals, while the E-i corrective insight encourages them to form and follow adaptive goals. We also analysed the influence on behaviour change of some other factors, co-occurring with insight: the therapeutic relationship, the actions of the patient and his narrative motivation. Insight does not always lead to a change in behaviour because: 1) the type of the insight does not match the type of patient’s motivation; 2) insight occurs in the context of a weak therapeutic relationship or is not reinforced by the patient’s actions; 3) insight is not a key factor of change, but rather its effect or indicator.