Gród czy zamek? Desygnaty terminów oraz konsekwencje ich stosowania w archeologii historycznej i ochronie zabytków Stronghold or castle? The referents of terms and the consequences of their application in historical archaeology and heritage protectionZarys treści: Próba określenia desygnatów terminów "gród" i "zamek" w oparciu o dotychczasową literaturę przedmiotu i informacje w źródłach pisanych. Zwrócenie uwagi na różnice i podobieństwa założeń obronnych określanych tymi nazwami. Jako przykłady przywołano obiekty warowne, między innymi z obszaru władztwa zakonu krzyżackiego, w tym takie, które pozwalają w inny sposób spojrzeć na pozornie oczywiste kwestie. Konsekwencje stosowania opisywanej nomenklatury w archeologii historycznej i ochronie zabytków.Słowa kluczowe: średniowiecze, nowożytność, gród, zamek, dwór, nazwy założeń obronnych w przekazach pisanych (castrum, curia, hus, Schloss, fortalicium i inne), archeologia historyczna, ochrona zabytków.

The participation of immigrants during early days in Poland of Piast's dynasty is a debated issue among archaeologists and anthropologists alike. Such hypotheses were formulated on the basis of, amongst others, the discovery of early medieval chamber graves characterized by construction features typical of the Scandinavian culture area. Archaeological and anthropological studies to date have not provided an unequivocal answer as to whether the individuals interred in those graves were autochthons who adopted a different burial rite, or perhaps immigrants from foreign lands. To characterize the gene pool of this population we analyzed the C/T allele of the nuclear gene LCT-13910 as well as fragments of the mitochondrial genome from individuals buried in very richly furnished chamber graves at the medieval cemetery in Pień. The obtained results for the nuclear allele and mtDNA do not corroborate the Scandinavian origin of the analyzed population. Moreover, we did not find haplogroup I, which is the one typical of populations that historically inhabited the north of Europe; and the frequency of the LCT-13910 T allele was similar to that of past and present Polish populations. On the other hand, we identified the atypical haplogroup C5c1, which suggests Asian origin of the studied individuals and confirms our previous reports concerning ancient human migrations from Asia to the territory of present-day Poland. While our findings do not conclusively disprove a Scandinavian lineage of the studied population, they certainly shed some new light on the origin of the individuals buried in chamber graves, which may be very different from the one initially proposed by archaeologists.

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