Introduction: In the context of Nutritional Therapy (NT), critically ill patients are associated with a state of catabolic stress and a systemic inflammatory response. Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) have a prevalence of malnutrition greater than 35%. The main objective of parenteral nutrition (PN) is to provide a nutrient mix closely related to requirements safely and avoid complications. However, PN poses a considerable risk of overfeeding, which can be just as harmful as underfeeding. Long-term survival data (expressed as 6-month survival) will also be considered a relevant outcome measure. Objective: It was performed a systematic review to evaluate the main clinical approaches of macro and micronutrients in enteral therapy according to international guidelines and clinical studies. Methods: The present study followed a concise systematic review model, following the systematic review rules (PRISMA). The literary search process was carried out from August to October 2022 and was developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, using scientific articles from 2011 to 2022. The low quality of evidence was attributed to case reports, editorials, and brief communications, according to the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: It was found 118 studies that underwent eligibility analysis, and then 20 of the 22 total studies were selected for this systematic review. According to the GRADE instrument, most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with I2 =97.7% >50%. Standard crystalline amino acid solutions, while devoid of side effects, remain incomplete regarding their composition (eg glutamine). Lipid emulsions have come a long way and are now included in bi- and tri-compartment feeding bags, allowing for true total PN as long as daily micronutrients are prescribed. The issue of exact individual needs for energy, macro, and micronutrients has not yet been resolved. Many complications attributed to total PN are the consequence of under or overfeeding. Total PN indications have evolved towards its use alone or in combination with enteral nutrition. The start time varies by country between admission (Australia and Israel), day 4 (Swiss), and day 7 (Belgium, USA). The most important issue may be an individualized and time-dependent prescription of the feeding pathway, energy, and substrates.

Introduction: In the scenario of non-communicable chronic diseases, obesity has briefly impacted the global population, causing serious public health problems. There are approximately 2.0 billion overweight and obese people in the world. Brazil ranks fifth in the world with approximately 18.0 million people. Research has advanced on the physiological role of melatonin (MEL) as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity. Objective: It was to highlight the main clinical outcomes of melatonin regulation in obesity through a systematic review of the literature. Methods: The present study followed a concise systematic review model, following the systematic review rules (PRISMA). The literary search process was carried out from September to October 2022 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar. The low quality of evidence was attributed to case reports, editorials, and brief communications, according to the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: It was founded 139 studies were submitted to the eligibility analysis, then, 46 of the 54 total studies were selected for this systematic review. According to the GRADE instrument, most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with I2 =98.4% >50%. Studies have shown an important role for melatonin in metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. It is possible to define some pathological syndromes related to MEL and discuss general guidelines for clinical therapy. However, there is still no consensus on the possible role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of metabolic diseases. More studies are needed to define the possible risks and benefits of melatonin as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, several precautions must be taken into account, such as restricting the administration of chronic melatonin to the night, carefully choosing the time of administration according to the desired effect, and adapting the dosage and formulation individually to build a melatonin blood profile that mimics the physiological and ends early in the morning.

Introduction: Obesity represents a multifactorial disease that causes serious public health problems. There are more than 2.50 billion overweight and obese people in the world, and Brazil is in fifth place in the world ranking. In this context, a factor associated with eating disorders is anxiety, which affects 33.7% of the general population. In this sense, cannabidiol (CBD) was identified 50 years ago and has effects that can change mood, sensation, perception, tension, appetite, and pain. Also, CBD showed anxiolytic, antipsychotic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic properties. Objective: It was to analyze, through a systematic review, the main considerations and results in animal and human models of the use of cannabidiol in anxiety and obesity. Methods: The model followed for the systematic review was PRISMA. The search strategy was performed in PubMed, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane Library, Web Of Science, Science Direct Journals (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), and OneFile (Gale) databases. Results: In the context of anxiety and binge eating and the consequent increase in the incidence of obese people, the activation of CB1 receptors improves feeding, modulating the activity of hypothalamic neurons and, subsequently, the release of orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides. Thus, in obesity, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is generally down-regulated in central and peripheral tissues, as indicated by high and/or overexpression of the CB1 receptor. Therefore, CBD is beneficial for anxiety-related disorders. Thus, CBD has been shown to have anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and neuroprotective properties. Conclusion: Growing evidence indicates that CBD acts as an antipsychotic and anxiolytic, and several reports suggest neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, CBD attenuates the harmful effects of trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, both acutely and chronically, including psychotogenic, anxiogenic, and deleterious cognitive effects. This suggests that CBD may improve the disease trajectory of individuals with early psychosis and cannabis misuse in particular.

Introduction: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious and growing public health problem worldwide. Approximately 23 million people are carriers of this disease and two million new cases are diagnosed each year. The clinical evolution of patients with CHF is moving towards variable malnutrition, making it necessary to adhere to enteral nutrition (EN). This picture can occur due to inadequate intake, altered metabolism, proinflammatory state, increased oxidative stress, and greater loss of nutrients, even due to drug interactions. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the main clinical outcomes that demonstrate the importance of enteral nutrition in patients with congestive heart failure. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from September to October 2022 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 122 articles were found. A total of 87 articles were evaluated and 28 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 7 studies with a high risk of bias and 8 studies that did not meet GRADE. There is moderate scientific evidence of the effectiveness of enteral nutrition in increasing survival and reducing morbidity in patients with congestive heart failure, as there are few randomized clinical trials that have evaluated this issue, however, enteral nutrition is highly indicated in the attempt to mitigate weight loss in these patients.