The complexity of the contemporary electrical power systems imposes challenges in aspect of monitoring, protection and control. In order to obtain high speed of response, wide area effect and prices synchronization, the grid control functions can be benefited by the implementation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). The paper is aimed to make a review of the commercial implementation of Phasor Measurement Units and then open source based implementations (open architecture hardware and software). This paper focuses on standard implementations; as a consequence the concept of virtual PMU is not discussed here.

The UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) is partnering with the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) on a joint mission to launch miniature sensors that will advance space weather measurement and modelling capabilities.  The Coordinated Ionospheric Reconstruction Cubesat Experiment (CIRCE) comprises two 6U cube-satellites that will be launched into a near-polar low earth orbit (LEO), targeting 500km altitude, in 2021.   The UK contribution to CIRCE is the In situ and Remote Ionospheric Sensing (IRIS) suite, complementary to NRL sensors, and comprising three highly miniaturised payloads provided to Dstl by University College London (UCL), University of Bath, and University of Surrey/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL).   One IRIS suite will be flown on each satellite, and incorporates an ion/neutral mass spectrometer, a tri-band global positioning system (GPS) receiver for ionospheric remote sensing, and a radiation environment monitor.  From the US, NRL have provided two 1U Triple Tiny Ionospheric Photometers (Tri-TIPs) on each satellite (Nicholas et al., 2019), observing the ultraviolet 135.6 nm emission of atomic oxygen at night-time to characterize the two-dimensional distribution of electrons.

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