Bio-oil was produced at 450°C by fast pyrolysis in a continuous auger reactor. Four feed stocks were used: pine wood, pine bark, oak wood, and oak bark. After extensive characterization of the whole bio-oils and their pyrolytic lignin-rich ethyl acetate fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), calorific values, viscosity dependences on shear rates and temperatures, elemental analyses, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, water analyses, and ash content, these bio-oils were shown to be comparable to bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis in fluidized bed and vacuum pyrolysis processes. This finding suggests that portable auger reactors might be used to produce bio-oil at locations in forests to generate bio-oil on-site for transport of the less bulky bio-oil (versus raw biomass) to biorefineries or power generation units. The pyrolysis reported herein had lower heat transfer rates than those achieved in fluidized bed reactors, suggesting significant further improvements are possible.

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Zinc deprivation from day 110 to 150 of gestation in rhesus monkeys resulted in rash, alopecia, anorexia, decreased feed efficiency, and low plasma zinc in the mothers. Infants of the dams that had been deprived of zinc during gestation displayed a more rapid postnatal growth rate than infants of the control mothers. Infants of the zinc-deprived dams played and explored less than the control infants. They also associated with their mothers a greater percentage of the time and were less active. This study has shown that third trimester maternal zinc deprivation in nonhuman primates can impair behavioral development of offspring.

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