Understanding how high-quality newspapers present and discuss major news plays a role towards tackling disinformation, as it contributes to the characterization of the full ecosystem in which information circulates. In this paper, we present an analysis of how the European press treated the Covid-19 vaccination issue in 2020-2021. We first collected a dataset of over 50,000 online articles published by 19 newspapers from five European countries over 22 months. Then, we performed analyses on headlines and full articles with natural language processing tools, including named entity recognition, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis, to identify main actors, subtopics, and tone, and to compare trends across countries. The results show several consistencies across countries and subtopics (e.g. a prevalence of neutral tone and relatively more negative sentiment for non-neutral articles, with few exceptions like the case of vaccine brands), but also differences (e.g., distinctly high negative-to-positive ratios for the no-vax subtopic.) Overall, our work provides a point of comparison to other news sources on a topic where disinformation and misinformation have resulted in increased risks and negative outcomes for people's health. CCS CONCEPTS• Computing methodologies → Natural language processing; • Information systems → Data mining.

1 This paper examines how the European press dealt with the no-vax reactions against the Covid-19 vaccine and the dis-and misinformation associated with this movement. Using a curated dataset of 1786 articles from 19 European newspapers on the antivaccine movement over a period of 22 months in 2020-2021, we used Natural Language Processing techniques including topic modeling, sentiment analysis, semantic relationship with word embeddings, political analysis, named entity recognition, and semantic networks, to understand the specific role of the European traditional press in the disinformation ecosystem. The results of this multi-angle analysis demonstrate that the European well-established press actively opposed a variety of hoaxes mainly spread on social media, and was critical of the anti-vax trend, regardless of the political orientation of the newspaper. This confirms the relevance of studying the role of high-quality press in the disinformation ecosystem. CCS CONCEPTS• Computing methodologies → Natural language processing.

1 Identifying the frames of news is important to understand the articles' vision, intention, message to be conveyed, and which aspects of the news are emphasized. Framing is a widely studied concept in journalism, and has emerged as a new topic in computing, with the potential to automate processes and facilitate the work of journalism professionals. In this paper, we study this issue with articles related to the Covid-19 anti-vaccine movement. First, to understand the perspectives used to treat this theme, we developed a protocol for human labeling of frames for 1786 headlines of No-Vax movement articles of European newspapers from 5 countries. Headlines are key units in the written press, and worth of analysis as many people only read headlines (or use them to guide their decision for further reading.) Second, considering advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) with large language models, we investigated two approaches for frame inference of news headlines: first with a GPT-3.5 fine-tuning approach, and second with GPT-3.5 prompt-engineering. Our work contributes to the study and analysis of the performance that these models have to facilitate journalistic tasks like classification of frames, while understanding whether the models are able to replicate human perception in the identification of these frames. CCS CONCEPTS• Computing methodologies → Information extraction; • Humancentered computing → Text input.