The article explores the use of step heating thermography for defect identification in glass fiber reinforced composites. Step heating methods have potential for increasing the maximum detectable defect depth as compared with pulse heating methods. Inspection of thick fiberglass composites containing flat-bottom holes and resistive embedded defects using step heating thermography is investigated using 1-D analytical models, axisymmetric finite element modes, and experimental methods. 1-D heat transfer models of embedded defects under step heating are developed based on results from previous research of pulse heating thermography. Finite element models are used to explore the range of validity of defect identification techniques based on correlation with 1-D analytical methods, and it is found that accurate results are obtained for a defect radius to thickness ratio greater than two. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the 1-D models for high defect resistance cases. For low resistance defects, detection is more difficult due to reduction of signal strength. A simple procedure is proposed to simultaneously determine defect depth and thermal resistance from the early time surface temperature profile based a two-point correlation with one-dimensional resistive defect solutions.

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Various researchers have developed techniques to control delamination in laminated structures. One of these techniques is “interleaving,” adding high toughness material to key interfaces in a laminate. This paper studies using polyester veil as a low-cost interleaf alternative to other materials and focuses on a nonwoven, polyester spunbond material. Two different interleaf thicknesses, 0.18 mm and 0.74 mm, are primarily used. In addition, fine 4 g/m2 polyester was also compared. Carbon/epoxy composites are manufactured using 2 × 2 Twill 24″–12k carbon fibers embedded in an epoxy resin, with polyester interleaves at key interfaces. Specimens are fabricated using wet hand layup and cured at room temperature in a vacuum bag. Mode I fracture toughness is measured using the double cantilever beam test and Mode II fracture toughness is examined using the end-notched flexure test. Further evaluation is made using static indentation and full penetration impact testing. Toughness is compared, and the resulting fracture surfaces are investigated. Significant improvement is seen in Mode I testing. Up to a factor of 4 increase in propagation energy per unit area resulted from the inclusion of the interleaf material. Smaller improvements were observed in Mode II, with the best cases showing an increase in propagation energy to maximum load by about a factor of 2 compared with control cases. The polyester interleaf significantly influences the fracture morphology observed in static indentation and full penetration tests.

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