Future water management will shift from building new water supply systems to better operating existing ones. Given these goals, hydro-economic models that show the dynamic variation of water values in time and space will be increasingly used to suggest ways to address water scarcity and reduce water conflicts. Hydro-economic models represent spatially distributed water resource systems, infrastructure, management options and economic values in an integrated manner. In these tools water allocations and management are either driven by the economic value of water or evaluated by that measure to provide policy insights and reveal opportunities for better management. A central concept is that water demands are not fixed requirements but rather functions where quantities of water use at different times have varying total and marginal economic values. This paper reviews techniques to characterize the economic value of water use and include such values in mathematical models. We identify the key steps in model design and diverse problems, formulations, levels of integration, spatial and temporal scales, and solution techniques addressed and used by over 60 hydro-economic modeling efforts dating back 45-years from all over the world. We list current limitations of the approach, suggest directions for future work, and recommend ways to improve policy relevance so promising management strategies and policy insights identified by hydro-economic models can be better employed.

There is broad interest to improve the reproducibility of published research. We developed a survey tool to assess the availability of digital research artifacts published alongside peer-reviewed journal articles (e.g. data, models, code, directions for use) and reproducibility of article results. We used the tool to assess 360 of the 1,989 articles published by six hydrology and water resources journals in 2017. Like studies from other fields, we reproduced results for only a small fraction of articles (1.6% of tested articles) using their available artifacts. We estimated, with 95% confidence, that results might be reproduced for only 0.6% to 6.8% of all 1,989 articles. Unlike prior studies, the survey tool identified key bottlenecks to making work more reproducible. Bottlenecks include: only some digital artifacts available (44% of articles), no directions (89%), or all artifacts available but results not reproducible (5%). The tool (or extensions) can help authors, journals, funders, and institutions to self-assess manuscripts, provide feedback to improve reproducibility, and recognize and reward reproducible articles as examples for others.

[1] We apply systems analysis to estimate household water use in an intermittent supply system considering numerous interdependent water user behaviors. Some 39 household actions include conservation; improving local storage or water quality; and accessing sources having variable costs, availabilities, reliabilities, and qualities. A stochastic optimization program with recourse decisions identifies the infrastructure investments and short-term coping actions a customer can adopt to cost-effectively respond to a probability distribution of piped water availability. Monte Carlo simulations show effects for a population of customers. Model calibration reproduces the distribution of billed residential water use in Amman, Jordan. Parametric analyses suggest economic and demand responses to increased availability and alternative pricing. It also suggests potential market penetration for conservation actions, associated water savings, and subsidies to entice further adoption. We discuss new insights to size, target, and finance conservation.

Two problems have hindered the Gomberg-Bachmann (GB) and Pschorr reactions of arenediazonium cations: the instability of the arenediazonium salts and side reactions. Arenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate salts can be prepared in high yield and purity and can be stored safely. Unfortunately, these salts are insoluble in most nonpolar organic solvents. Crown ether complexation or other phase-transfer (pt) catalytic methodology can ameliorate this situation, and reactions conducted by the approaches outlined herein often afforded coupling or cyclization products in high yield and corresponding purity. The use of crown ethers, quaternary 'onium salts, lipophilic carboxylic acid salts, and even the polar cosolvent acetonitrile increase the utility of the ptGB reaction dramatically. Sixty examples of couplings are reported along with an assessment of selectivities. A number of examples are also presented of phase-transfer-type Pschorr cyclizations. In the latter case, the use of potassium superoxide, K02, is introduced to suppress indazole formation.

Understanding the tradeoff between the information of high-resolution water use data and the costs of smart meters to collect data with sub-minute resolution is crucial to inform smart meter networks. To explore this tradeoff, we first present STREaM, a STochastic Residential water End-use Model that generates synthetic water end-use time series with 10-second and progressively coarser sampling resolutions. Second, we apply a comparative framework to STREaM output and assess the impact of data sampling resolution on end-use disaggregation, leak detection, peak demand estimation, data storage, and availability. Our findings show that increased sampling resolution allows more accurate end-use disaggregation, prompt water leakage detection, and accurate and timely estimates of peak demand. Simultaneously, data storage requirements and limited product availability mean most * Corresponding author. Tel.:+39-02-2399-9040Email address: andrea.cominola@polimi.it (A. Cominola)Preprint submitted to Environmental Modelling & Software October 22, 2017 large-scale, commercial smart metering deployments sense data with hourly, daily, or coarser sampling frequencies. Overall, this work provides insights for further research and commercial deployment of smart water meters.