No abstract

Demand Responsive Transit adapts well to users’ needs and can increase efficiency in situations where regular public transport systems are more cost­ly. However, as DRTs are constantly evolving, the concept and its applications and benefits can be hard to grasp. This working paper provides an introduc­tory description, a proposed classification of DRT service types, an overview of institutional aspects and key operational attributes, and examples of implementations around the world. It identifies a trend in which in high-income countries DRT services derive mostly from public policies, whereas in developing countries, DRTs appear more as private services aimed at market demand niches.

El transporte público ha sido un servicio imprescindible durante la pandemia de COVID-19. En México, las medidas para reducir contagios incluyeron restricciones al uso de transporte público, y en el período abril-junio de 2020 la caída en la demanda de viajes fue hasta del 70 por ciento. El objetivo de esta investigación es estimar los impactos financieros de la pandemia en el sector del transporte público colectivo en las ciudades mexicanas. Se espera brindar información útil para la toma de decisiones de política con relación a su reactivación y propender por su sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is a complex pathology most of the time accompanying Graves' disease, also present in other thyroid states, such as Hashimoto's hypothyroidism and euthyroid states. The term Grave's disease associated ophthalmopathy can be misleading as it does not include all thyroid states associated to this eye condition. Its pathophysiology includes complex autoimmune mechanisms associated with fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, myocytes, thyroid cells, adipocytes, and pro-inflammatory molecules, leading to several changes in the orbital content, including limitation of space, functional impairment, and complications secondary to the initial process. Reviewing its diagnostic methods and treatments is necessary due to new insights into the pathophysiology. The complexity of its pathogenesis is accompanied by a practical assessment and classification that allows clinicians to obtain significant amount of success when treating it.