River flows connect people, places, and other forms of life, inspiring and sustaining diverse cultural beliefs, values, and ways of life. The concept of environmental flows provides a framework for improving understanding of relationships between river flows and people, and for supporting those that are mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, most approaches to determining environmental flows remain grounded in the biophysical sciences. The newly revised Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) represents a new phase in environmental flow science and an opportunity to better consider the co-constitution of river flows, ecosystems, and society, and to more explicitly incorporate these relationships into river management. We synthesize understanding of relationships between people and rivers as conceived under the renewed definition of environmental flows. We present case studies from Honduras, India, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that illustrate multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts where recognizing and meeting diverse flow needs of human populations was central to establishing environmental flow recommendations. We also review a small body of literature to highlight examples of the diversity and interdependencies of human-flow relationships—such as the linkages between river flow and human well-being, spiritual needs, cultural identity, and sense of place—that are typically overlooked when environmental flows are assessed and negotiated. Finally, we call for scientists and water managers to recognize the diversity of ways of knowing, relating to, and utilizing rivers, and to place this recognition at the center of future environmental flow assessments.This article is categorized under:Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and AwarenessHuman Water > Water GovernanceHuman Water > Water as Imagined and Represented

ABSTRACT. Ethics and values are important dimensions of water governance. We show how a "values approach" contributes to an understanding of global water governance, and how it complements other perspectives on governance, namely management, institutional capacity, and social-ecological systems. We connect these other approaches to their own value systems and the ethical attitudes they engender. We then offer a way to explicitly incorporate, and where necessary adjudicate, competing value systems through a values-based approach to governance. A case of the Santa Fe River in New Mexico, USA illustrates how value systems are reflected in water policies and how these values affect governance priorities, such as in environmental flows. The values-based approach clarifies tacit values and creates space to align local values with those needed for effective water governance at the global level.

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The concept of multifunctional agriculture recognizes important potential benefits of agriculture in addition to the production of food: environmental services (wildlife habitat, pleasing landscape), food security, rural livelihoods and regional economic vitality, stable households and communities, cultural heritage and identity, and religious, spiritual, and aesthetic values. Agricultural water can also be considered through a multifunctional lens using the same logic, but also adding functions that are specific to water. Through this analysis, water becomes much more valuable than if it is considered as merely an input to agricultural production. Because paddy-based agriculture is based on water, an understanding of paddy's multifunctional nature helps to highlight the multifunctional nature of agricultural water. Four categories of functions are discussed: (1) economic and productive, (2) environmental, (3) sociocultural, and (4) rural development. Policy strategies for supporting these multiple functions are considered based on examples from Europe and Asia. The paper concludes with a discussion of water management and how the multiple functions of water can be incorporated into practical policies. Making wise decisions about water allocations to agriculture depends upon a sound understanding of the multiple benefits that agricultural water provides beyond the agriculture sector. While more research is needed, there is already a great deal of valuable research that has been carried out in the name of agriculture, and which can be applied to the challenges of understanding and managing agricultural water. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.key words: multifunctional agriculture; water management; cost-benefit analysis; rural policy RÉ SUMÉ Le concept de l'agriculture multifonctionnelle met en évidence les importants bénéfices potentiels de l'agriculture au-delà de la production de nourriture: services environnementaux (habitat de la faune, paysage agréable), sécurité alimentaire, emplois ruraux et vitalité économique régionale, foyers et collectivités équilibrés, héritage et identité culturels, et valeurs religieuses, spirituelles et esthétiques. L'eau agricole peut aussi être analysée à travers un prisme multifonctionnel avec la même logique mais en ajoutant les fonctions spécifiques à l'eau. Avec cette analyse, la valeur de l'eau devient beaucoup plus élevée que celle d'un simple intrant dans la fonction de production. Parce que l'agriculture basée sur le paddy repose sur l'eau, la compréhension de la nature multifonctionnelle du paddy permet de mettre en lumière celle de l'eau. Quatre catégories de fonctions sont passées en revue: économique et productive, environnementale, socio-culturelle et développement rural. Les stratégies d'appui à ces fonctions multiples sont examinées à partir d'exemples en Europe et en Asie. L'article conclut en abordant la gestion de l'eau et la façon dont les fonctions multiples de l'eau peuvent être incorporées dans les politiques concrètes. La détermination raison...

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