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In a low-cost laboratory setup, we compared visual acuity (VA) for stimuli rendered with Zernike aberrations to an equivalent optical dioptric defocus in emmetropic individuals using a relatively short observing distance of 60 cm. The equivalent spherical refractive error of + 1, + 2 or + 4 D, was applied in the rendering of Landolt Rings. Separately, the refractive error was introduced dioptrically in: (1) unchanged Landolt Rings with an added external lens (+ 1, + 2 or + 4 D) at the subject's eye; (2) same as (1) but with an added accommodation and a vertex distance adjustment. To compare all three approaches, we examined VA in 10 healthy men. Stimuli were observed on a PC CRT screen. For all three levels of refractive error, the pairwise comparison did not show a statistically significant difference between digital blur and accommodation-plus-vertex-distance-adjusted dioptric blur (p < 0.204). The best agreement, determined by Bland–Altman analysis, was measured for + 4 D and was in line with test–retest limits for examination in the clinical population. Our results show that even for a near observing distance, it is possible to use digitally rendered defocus to replicate dioptric blur without a significant change in VA in emmetropic subjects.

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Abstract-At the Charles University, Faculty of Medicine, in Hradec Kralove, the Biophysics and Biostatics subject is implemented as a traditional combination, i.e. contact, educational method and e-learning. The e-learning is realized in the LMS Moodle in the "multicourses" called Biophysics and Biostatics -General Medicine and Biophysics and BiostaticsDentistry. A process of teaching during the whole term is described in this contribution too. One of the important points is the explanation of the evaluation system of the key activities that are realized in the LMS Moodle. As a part of contribution are added the statistical results of the success rate of all the Online tests to lab and Credit tests. In the conclusion, the reader gets to know our main aim, which is the completion of the student´s complex evaluation during the whole "multicourse". This complex evaluation demands the interconnection of the interactive Excel protocols with the LMS Moodle.