Eight fifth-and sixth-grade children with behavior problems performed in a classroom under three conditions: (1) unreinforced baseline, (2) reinforcement for being on task, and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate of math problems solved. The teacher was absent for a portion of the class session under each of these conditions. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior declined markedly and disruption markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In addition, the teacher's absence resulted in fewer problems attempted and decreased accuracy. However, the extent to which the children became disruptive was reduced and the number of problems attempted increased when reinforcement was contingent on academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent on being on task. The results suggest that by providing contingencies for the products of a child's classroom activities, rather than for being on task, the child will become more independent of the teacher's presence, and more under the control of the academic materials.

Summarychanges in the central nervous system, when administered toThe effects of a low phenylalanine diet on six retarded phenylketonuric adults were assessed. An ABA individual-subject design was used in experiment I to assess the effects of a low phenylalanine diet on social and motor behavior. Following a baseline during which the subjects ingested a normal phenylalanine diet (phase A), a low phenylalanine diet (phase B) was administered in a double blind fashion. Finally, the baseline condition (phase A) was reinstated (normal diet). The low phenylalanine diet resulted in few significant behavioral changes for those subjects with which proper methodologic controls were employed. However, for two of six subjects motor behavior, including stereotypy and tremor, seem to have ameliorated. In experiment 11, applied behavior analysis techniques, including differential reinforcement of other behavior and time out, were combined to radically reduce the frequency of stereotypy and self-abuse exhibited by one of the six subjects of experiment I. SpeculationSingle-subject methodology borrowed from the experimental analy& of behavior revealed that a low phenylalanine diet was unsuccessful in producing significant desirable behavior changes in four adult retarded phenylketonuric subjects with ,proper experimental controls. ~o w e i e r , when behaiior therapy techniques were used with one of these same subjects, a rapid and dramatic reduction in stereotypy and self-abuse was observed.Classic phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessively inherited disease which causes severe mental retardation in untreated patients. In Massachusetts, it occurs with an incidence of l in 15,000 births (30). The liver enzyme phenylalanine-hydroxylase which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine is absent in these individuals. Phenylalanine and related metabolites (e.g., phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid, and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) accumulate in the blood, spinal fluid, and urine of untreated patients (29). In these patients, structural changes occur in the central nervous system, particularly in myelination, severely affecting mental performance. IQ scores below 50 are common (38).PKU, when detected in infancy, is treated with a low phenylalanine diet with the amount of phenylalanine in the serum generally restricted to an amount below 10 mgldl (17). When initiated with children under 6 months of age, damage to the central nervous system may be totally prevented (8,18,26); even beginning a low phenylalanine diet as late as 2 years of age may be beneficial (12,15,33). However, when begun after 2 years of age, the low phenylalanine diet cannot prevent severe retardation (12, 50). Although diet treatment started after 2 years of age is ineffective in preventing or correcting structural older-PKU children and adults desirable changes in behavior have been reported (2,3,12,16,18,19,42,47).In perhaps the best controlled study, Frankenburg et al. (16) studied the social behaviors of 4-and 5-year-old PKU children not previously on any special diet. So...

The effect of a group response-cost procedure (accompanied by verbal and written instruction) designed to decrease cash shortages in a small business was evaluated with a reversal design. When cash shortages were subtracted from the six employees' salaries on days in which the shortage exceeded 1% of total daily sales, the magnitude of daily shortages sharply decreased. This response-cost contingency was used only three times throughout the study, with a maximum cost of $8.70 per subject over the 41-day period. The efficacy of the procedures may be due to either increased precision in change calculations, a decreased frequency of stealing from the cash register, increased shortchanging of customers, and/or increased incidents of register under-ringing. Ethical questions relative to the utilization of group punishment procedures are raised, and it was concluded that the procedures used were more humane than commonly used alternatives.