Banhados temporários são ecossistemas alternativos formados em decorrência de irrigação de extensas áreas utilizadas para o cultivo de arroz. Essas áreas, como os demais banhados, são consideradas emissoras potenciais de gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a capacidade dos banhados temporários em produzir gases contribuintes do efeito estufa (CH 4 e CO 2 ) em duas áreas de cultivo de arroz irrigado, uma área com solo arenoso e outra área com solo argiloso. Os valores médios observados para a produção de CH 4 foram mais elevados na área arenosa, quando comparados com a área argilosa. Essa área apresentou taxas de produção de CO 2 mais elevadas, quando comparados com a área arenosa. No entanto, a análise simultânea da produção de CH 4 e de CO 2 mostrou diferença significativa (p<0,05), através de análise de variância, nas incubações de 5 dias, na área argilosa. De acordo com a área cultivada de ambas as quadras, os valores médios de produção de gases foram de 7,9 g CH 4 -C ha -1 ano -1 e de 81,6 g CO 2 -C ha -1 ano -1 no sedimento da área arenosa. A área argilosa obteve uma produção de 5,0 g CH 4 -C ha -1 ano -1 e de 99,5 g CO 2 -C ha -1 ano -1 . Os dados obtidos evidenciam que alterações nos ecossistemas, mesmo que por um período determinado de tempo como, por exemplo, a formação de banhados temporários, torna esses locais importantes emissores de gases que contribuem para a formação do efeito estufa, em áreas subtropicais.
The pre-salt discoveries in deep water have evidenced a challenging environment for drilling operations because of the technical demand and restriction and also environmental regulations fomenting technological development. Inaccurate estimation of the pressure could lead to drilling problems such as kick, lost circulation and wellbore instability. In this context, understanding the drilling fluid and gas formation mixture behavior is essential in situations of gas influx from the formation into the wellbore. These evidence the drilling fluids importance for the drilling operational efficiency, safety and cost reduction. Since the synthetic based drilling fluids are more sensitive to the pressure and temperature variations than water based drilling fluids, the effect of pressure, temperature and mixture composition on the thermodynamic properties such as density, formation volume factor, solubility ratio and saturation pressure were determined based on PVT (pressure/temperature/volume) experimental measurements for methane and olefin mixtures. Those properties are crucial for the mixture volumetric behavior knowledge at downhole conditions especially when gas enters into the wellbore. The experiments were conducted in isothermal conditions and a gas enrichment experimental procedure was applied. The temperature was set at a range between 25°C and 80°C while the gas molar fraction ranged from 30% to 50% and pressures up to 70 MPa. Additionally, the data collected was compared with the teamwork database for methane and n-paraffin mixtures and methane and ester mixtures. According to the literature, olefins show less toxicity and better biodegrability when compared to isomerized paraffins and esters, therefore olefins fit in with the new requirements present by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), which restricted the disposal of cuttings associated with paraffins in offshore operations. Moreover, as each base has its own particularity, the findings exhibited the importance of the methane and olefin mixtures behavior knowledge at downhole conditions to guarantee the operational safety and efficiency. The experimental data will be essential to bring well control software up to date, which helps the decision-making of the engineers during well control.
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