Regeneration of lost or injured organs is an intriguing process where numerous cellular events take place to form the new structure. Studies of this process during reconstitution of the intestine have been performed in echinoderms, particularly in holothurians. Many cellular events triggered during regeneration have been described using the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima as a research model. More recent experiments have targeted the molecular mechanism behind the process, a task that has been eased by the new sequencing technologies now available. In this review we present the studies involving cellular processes and the genes that have been identified to be associated with the early events of gut regeneration. We also present the ongoing efforts to perform functional studies necessary to establish the role(s) of the identified genes. A synopsis of the studies is given with the course of the regenerative process established so far.
Echinoderms comprise a group of animals with impressive regenerative capabilities. They can replace complex internal organs following injury or autotomy. In holothurians or sea cucumbers, cellular processes of intestinal regeneration have been extensively studied. The molecular machinery behind this faculty, however, remains to be understood. Here we assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using RNA-seq data consisting of regenerating and non-regenerating intestinal tissues from the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Comparisons of differential expression were made using the mesentery as a reference against 24 hour and 3 days regenerating intestine, revealing a large number of differentially expressed transcripts. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed evidence of increasing transcriptional and translational activity. Further analysis of transcripts associated with transcription factors revealed diverse expression patterns with mechanisms involving developmental and cancer-related activity that could be related to the regenerative process. Our study demonstrates the broad and diversified gene expression profile during the early stages of the process using the mesentery as the focal point of intestinal regeneration. It also establishes the genes that are the most important candidates in the cellular processes that underlie regenerative responses.
La regeneración es un proceso llamativo que permite la reconstitución de un miembro u órgano afectado o perdido. La regeneración en los organismos depende de sus características filogenéticas, las cuales permiten la agrupación de ciertos seres que son conocidos por su gran capacidad de reconstitución anatómica como es el caso de los platelmintos y equinodermos. Dentro del grupo de los equinodermos, el pepino de mar Holothuria glaberrima es un organismo modelo poco común que tiene la capacidad de regenerar sus órganos internos. Es un organismo invertebrado con un desarrollo embriológico similar a los vertebrados y al igual que estos se clasifica como deuterostomado. El estudio de los distintos mecanismos que se producen a partir de su capacidad regenerativa permite obtener valiosa información en el campo de la biología celular y molecular. Gracias al estudio pionero de este organismo por parte del grupo de investigadores del Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, se ha obtenido información concerniente a procesos celulares que permiten la regeneración de los órganos internos en Holothuria glaberrima. Entre los estudios realizados que se han realizado en Puerto Rico, la actividad de la ruta de señalización de Wnt durante el inicio del proceso de regeneración, ha permitido descifrar que tipo de genes están involucrados en la activación de mecanismos celulares durante la regeneración. Estos estudios permiten asociar procesos celulares que pueden activarse en los seres que no gozan de la misma capacidad regenerativa que Holothuria glaberrima y así avanzar en el desarrollo de tratamientos médicos.
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