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Fluctuating temperatures are characteristic of the en-1;ronment of most organisms, yet constant temperatures .~e most ~requently .used for laboratory st_udies on th~ir ''ie histones. The hterature has been revtewed to pomt :;ut some of the ways in which constant-temperature data ;, 1 r rates of development, developmental thresholds, fer-;ility and other life-history phenomena could be mis-:,adi~g when an ecologist attempts to model a natural ;,stem or to extrapolate to field conditions. To imple-:;1ent the replacement of constant-temperature studies .;ith fluctuating temperature studies, 2 previously re-?orted timer-contrail~ bimetallic or m~rcury thermostat Jevices and a new timer-controlled sohd-state controller

Wheat is at peak quality soon after harvest. Subsequently, diverse biota use wheat as a resource in storage, including insects and mycotoxin-producing fungi. Transportation networks for stored grain are crucial to food security and provide a model system for an analysis of the population structure, evolution, and dispersal of biota in networks. We evaluated the structure of rail networks for grain transport in the United States and Eastern Australia to identify the shortest paths for the anthropogenic dispersal of pests and mycotoxins, as well as the major sources, sinks, and bridges for movement. We found important differences in the risk profile in these two countries and identified priority control points for sampling, detection, and management. An understanding of these key locations and roles within the network is a new type of basic research result in postharvest science and will provide insights for the integrated pest management of high-risk subpopulations, such as pesticide-resistant insect pests.