Sop buah merupakan salah satu jenis minuman yang terdiri dari campuran berbagai macam buah, sirup, susu, air dan es. Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan manfaat sop buah menjadi sumber penyakit bagi tubuh meliputi: air sebagai bahan sop buah dan air yang digunakan untuk mencuci mangkok dan sendok dapat menjadi bahan kontaminasi penyebab penyakit seperti Salmonella sp. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi Salmonella pada sop buah yang dijual di Jalan Dr. Mansyur Kelurahan Padang Bulan Selayang Medan Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode pembiakan dan reaksi biokimia. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh sop buah yang diperjualbelikan di Jalan Dr. Mansyur kelurahan Padang Bulan Medan sebanyak 10 sampel. Dari 10 sampel yang diperiksa ada 2 yang terkontaminasi oleh bakteri Salmonella sp dengan kode sampel S1 dan S4. Hal ini terjadi karena air sop buah yang kurang hygenies dan sop buah tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan dapat menimbulkan kontaminasi pada makanan.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, and no one could predict when it would end. In some cases of COVID-19, patients experienced infection by SARS-Cov-2 and other microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.Objective: This study aims to determine Co-infection on clinical symptoms and mortality of COVID-19 patients in Bengkulu City, Indonesia.Methods: We reviewed and analyzed data on patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were co-infected, including basic information, clinical manifestations, radiological and laboratory examinations, to the final status.Results: A total of 105 patients with confirmed COVID-19 participated in this study with various clinical manifestation: mild case (12%), moderate case/ mild pneumonia (52%), severe pneumonia (20%) and critical case (16%). Of the 105 patients, six patients were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1 case), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2 cases), Salmonella thypii (2 cases), bacterial pneumonia, and viral pneumonia (1 case). As many as three of the six patients experienced inferior clinical manifestations and died.Conclusion: The co-infection of other microorganisms in COVID-19 can affect the severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

<em>Endophytic bacteria are a beneficial bacteria that live in plant tissue. Several studies have shown that certain endophytic bacteria can produce secondary metabolites that have health effects. The andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) have several properties, one of which is as antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria. The most common bacterial infections in humans are caused by commensal bacteria in the body such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study used a qualitative data collection method with the type of experimental laboratory research to isolate the endophytic bacteria andaliman which had been tested against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The initial stage were isolation of endophytic bacteria and observation of colony characteristics, after obtaining isolates with different colony characteristics, a Gram stain test and a antagonist test for pathogenic bacteria were carried out. In this study, 252 colonies grew and there were 85 isolates with different colony characteristics. From all the isolates, there were two isolates that could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and seventeen isolates that could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.</em>

Demam tifoid merupakan suatu penyakit sistemik akut yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B dan Salmonella paratyphi C. Penularan demam tifoid terjadi secara fekal-oral melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi yang masuk kedalam tubuh.Pada anak-anak demam tifoid dapat terjadi akibat  kurang memperhatikan kebersihan diri dan kebiasaan jajan yang sembarangan sehingga dapat menyebabkan tertular penyakit demam tifoid.Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap 10 serum penderita demam tifoid anak usia 5-14 tahun di Rumah Sakit Advent Medan, dengan identifikasi bakteri Salmonellamelalui Uji Widal.Hasil yang telah di peroleh yaitu 1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii;1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii dan Salmonella paratyphii B; 3 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C; 2 orang pasien positif terhadap  Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii A dan Salmonella paratyphii C; 1 orang pasien positif terhadap Salmonella paratyphii A, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C dan2 orang  pasien yang positif terhadap  Salmonella typhii, Salmonella paratyphii A, Salmonella paratyphii B dan Salmonella paratyphii C. Dalam penelitian ini, sebagian besar pasien positif terhadap lebih dari 1 antigen Salmonella, hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya reaksi silang sebelumnya dengan antigen antara spesies Salmonella yang sama yang memiliki antigen O faktor 12 atau pernah terinfeksi dahulu dengan salah satu spesies Salmonella.

Secondary infection with the dengue virus causes mild to severe manifestations. The distribution of dengue virus serotypes varies in various areas and can change over time. There are four dengue serotypes, namely DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Objectives: To knew the distribution of virus serotypes in an area and determined the pathogenesis of the disease, which can cause severe manifestations in patients with secondary infections. Methods: The data taken is the severity of secondary infections and dengue serotypes. The literature search was performed on PMC and Cochrane. Search criteria were performed using keywords (secondary infection * OR secondary dengue infection *) AND (Dengue Virus * OR Dengue Infection * OR Dengue * OR DENV) AND (Serotype * OR Serogroup) AND (severe dengue * OR severity * OR severity of illness indexs * OR dengue fever * OR dengue haemorrhage fever * OR dengue shock syndrome * OR DF * OR DHF * OR DSS *) AND (Indonesia *). Results: Literature study search found 387 literature with five studies conducted the analysis. From the results of the analysis, it was found that secondary infections were more common in patients with recurrent dengue infection with serotype 2 (DENV-2), serotype 3 (DENV-3) and serotype 4 (DENV-4). Conclusion: Secondary infection of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) and serotype 3 (DENV-3) can cause severe dengue infection.Keywords:  Dengue Virus, Indonesia, Secondary Infection, Serotype, Severity