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grading, and for the presence of PSA production. Tumours were classified as 'clinically insignificant' if the tumour volume was <0.5 mL and the Gleason score <7. RESULTSThe mean ( SD , range) preoperative PSA level was 3.04 (0.85, 0.8-3.8) ng/mL. Indications for biopsy included an abnormal digital rectal examination (61%), a PSA velocity of >0.75 ng/mL/year (12%), a strong family history of prostate cancer (3%), obstructive urinary symptoms (2%), or no obvious indication (23%). Thirty-eight (48%) tumours were clinically insignificant. Of 41 clinically significant cancers, 13 had a final Gleason score of ≥ 7, 20 had extraprostatic extension and 11 had a tumour volume of ≥ 10 mL. Of the 79 prostate cancer specimens 78 stained strongly for PSA; the exception was a Gleason 9 tumour. With a mean (range) follow-up of 3.5 (0.18-6) years only one patient had a biochemical recurrence (PSA ≥ 0.1 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONSMost prostate cancers in men with a PSA level of <4.0 ng/mL are clinically significant and PSA-producing. Many of these tumours are high-grade, high-volume and extraprostatic. We are currently exploring factors to explain why serum PSA is not elevated in these men, including tumour location, pattern of invasion and microvessel density.