The purpose of this study was to develop the Evaluation Process Within Supervision Inventory (EPSI), a measure that examines evaluation practices in clinical supervision. Results based on 274 trainees with diverse training experiences indicated that the measure yields 2 theoretically consistent factors: goal setting (e.g., goals that are specific; feasible in regard to capacity, opportunity, and resources; and measurable) and feedback (e.g., feedback that is systematic, timely, clear, and balanced between positive and negative statements). Evidence of validity was based on theoretically consistent relationships between more effective goal-setting and feedback practices and (a) a stronger working alliance, (b) enhanced trainee perception of supervisor influence on self-efficacy, and (c) increased trainee satisfaction with supervision.

This study of 105 trainees revealed that supervisors most frequently self‐disclosed personal issues, neutral counseling experiences, and counseling struggles. Supervisor self‐disclosures were related to supervisor style and the supervisory relationship.

The overall purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature that identifies the salient ethical guidelines related to the practice of supervision and to discuss the results of a study that examined supervisor ethical practices. In terms of our investigation, we examined supervisee perceptions of their supervisors' adherence to ethical guidelines, supervisee reactions to ethical violations, and the relationships among supervisor ethical behaviors, the supervisory working alliance, and supervisee satisfaction. The results indicated that 51% of the 151 beginning to intern-level supervisees sampled reported at least one ethical violation by their supervisors. The most frequently violated guidelines involved adequate performance evaluation, confidentiality issues relevant to supervision, and ability to work with alternative perspectives. Greater nonadherence to ethical guidelines was significantly related to a weaker supervisory alliance and lower supervisee satisfaction. Limitations and implications for psychotherapy supervision theory, research, and practice are addressed.Although the mental health field has long recognized the importance of ethical standards for the practice of counseling and psychotherapy (e.g., American Psychological Association, 1992), only recently has attention been focused on the importance of ethical standards for counseling and psychotherapy supervision (

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