This study examined the internal reliability of standardized measures of substance use expectancies and motives in a schizophrenia population (n = 70) and the relationship of these expectancies and motives to alcohol and drug use disorders. Internal reliabilities were uniformly high for the subscales of the expectancy and motive measures. Analyses of the relationship between substance use disorders and expectancies revealed strong substance-specific expectations. Alcohol expectancies were related to alcohol disorders but not to drug disorders; cocaine expectancies were related to drug but not to alcohol disorders; and marijuana expectancies were more strongly related to drug than to alcohol use disorders. In contrast, motives were related to substance use disorders, and self-reported substance use problems were related to expectancies and motives in a non-specific manner. These results suggest that expectancy and motive questionnaires developed for the primary substance abuse population may be valid for psychiatric populations. Research on motives and expectancies may help to clarify the functions of substance abuse in persons with schizophrenia.

The overall purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature that identifies the salient ethical guidelines related to the practice of supervision and to discuss the results of a study that examined supervisor ethical practices. In terms of our investigation, we examined supervisee perceptions of their supervisors' adherence to ethical guidelines, supervisee reactions to ethical violations, and the relationships among supervisor ethical behaviors, the supervisory working alliance, and supervisee satisfaction. The results indicated that 51% of the 151 beginning to intern-level supervisees sampled reported at least one ethical violation by their supervisors. The most frequently violated guidelines involved adequate performance evaluation, confidentiality issues relevant to supervision, and ability to work with alternative perspectives. Greater nonadherence to ethical guidelines was significantly related to a weaker supervisory alliance and lower supervisee satisfaction. Limitations and implications for psychotherapy supervision theory, research, and practice are addressed.Although the mental health field has long recognized the importance of ethical standards for the practice of counseling and psychotherapy (e.g., American Psychological Association, 1992), only recently has attention been focused on the importance of ethical standards for counseling and psychotherapy supervision (