Elderly

is a process of slowly losing the tissue's ability to maintain normal function and causing changes in muscle structure and function. A decrease in strength and muscle mass is a problem that often found in the elderly. Exercise is one of the factors that affect strength and muscle mass. The objective of the research is to compare the strength and muscle mass in elderly women who act and not actively exercise. This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design analyzed by an independent T-test. The research subjects were taken by purposive sampling, 20 elderly women aged over 60 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed for sports activity, muscle strength, and muscle mass so that it is obtained a sample of 13 elderly who are actively exercising and 7 elderly who are not actively exercising. Handheld muscle strength research data was measured using a handgrip dynamometer, muscle mass was measured using the Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA) method, and exercise habits were taken from the modification of the Baecke Physical Activity questionnaire. The results show that the elderly who were active in exercising with a mean score of muscle strength (10.59 ± 3.62) and muscle mass (34.22 ± 4.62) were higher than those who did not exercise (6.51 ± 3.42) and (29.81 ± 3.39) with p-values of 0.020 and 0.0125. There is a difference between strength and muscle mass in elderly women who are active and not actively exercising.

No abstract

Background: Smoking habits had become a culture in various nations in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco use is responsible for the deaths of about six million people worldwide each year. In Indonesia, 32,1% of students had ever used any smoked tobacco product. Purpose of this study is to analyze smoking profile and CO concentration on students. Method: This study was an observational analytic with cross sectional design. Data collection through survey and CO measurements by smokerlyzer CO breath test on 98 students at Sukatani Village, Purwakarta. Results: The proportion of students who smoking was 45,92%, the existence of smokers role model in the family influenced smoking behaviour in those students OR=5,724 (p=0,001). There was significant difference of CO concentration in each group (active smokers, passive smokers, and non-smokers) with p value

Sarcopenia is a decrease in muscle mass and is common in the elderly. Sarcopenia is associated with cellular processes such as decreased muscle anabolic factors and increased inflammatory factors that impact muscle catabolism. The occurrence of sarcopenia is associated with various risk factors, one of which is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM type 2). Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases, the characteristic is hyperglycemia that causes by abnormality of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of DM type 2 on sarcopenia in the elderly. This study was an observational analytic study, with a design of cross-sectional. A total of 60 simple randomly selected subjects were from some elderly community based on criteria inclusion. The collecting of data was conducted by interviewing subjects. Data was analized by Chi Square test with α value 0.05. The result showed among 21 subjects who had DM type 2, subjects who had sarcopenia were more than normal subjects (13 (69,1%) vs 8 (38.1%))) with p value = 0.003. The Odds Ratio is 5.471 means that the elderly who had type 2 DM have 5 times greater risk of experiencing sarcopenia. It could be concluded that there is an effect of DM type 2 on sarcopenia in the elderly.