A vancomycin-resistant Lactococcus lactis isolate 1A-1 from a competitive exclusion (CE) product contained plasmid-encoded vanA, B, C1, and C2/3 genes. The L. lactis 1A-1 conjugatively transferred the genes to Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. CE product bacteria may be reservoirs for dissemination of vanA, B, and C genes to the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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