Background. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection has been a global pandemic since late 2019. Clinical manifestation ranges from mild to severe. Even though most COVID-19 patients recover fully from the disease, approximately 5–10% experience prolonged symptoms for several months following the acute COVID-19 phase, defined as long COVID-19 syndrome. Rehabilitation therapy is needed for them to overcome their symptoms and improve their functional capacity. This systematic review aims to discuss rehabilitation therapy for a patient with long COVID-19 syndrome.   Method. A systematic review using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were study about rehabilitation therapy for long COVID-19 patients. Exclusion criteria were letters to the editor, editorial or commentary reports, and studies not available in full-text and not in English or Bahasa.  Result. Nine studies are included in this systematic review consisting of two consensus statements or recommendations, one cohort retrospective study, two case studies or case reports, one review and three experimental studies. The recommended rehabilitation program pathway using a three-tier model depends on the severity of the disease. Several rehabilitation exercises for long COVID patients include cardiorespiratory rehabilitation, breathing exercise, therapeutic exercise, and even traditional Chinese fitness models such as Liuzijue exercise.     Conclusion. Rehabilitation therapy exercise helps to improve the patient's breathing effort, improving dyspnea and muscle strength.  Keywords: long COVID-19 syndrome, physical rehabilitation, post-COVID-19 infection, rehabilitation therapy

Nerve growth factor (NGF) was uncovered in near beginning the 1950s which had a growth effect on sympathetic and sensory neurons. In the dorsal root neuron ganglion, the second member of a group of neurotrophic factors widely known as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appeared. Like other members of the neurotrophin group, such as neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and NT-4/5, it is explained to have trophic effects on peripheral and central neurons. Since BDNF purification in 1982 evidence of its involvement in development, physiology, and brain pathology demonstrated. BNDF is significant within the molecular mechanism of synapse plasticity regarding neuronal growth and cell survival. The initial step associated with the central nervous system depends on its adaption of synapse transmission, especially in the hippocampus and neocortex. Pathological intensities of the BDNF relationship and synapse plasticity affect sort of situations such as epilepsy and chronic pain sensitization, where BDNF applications can affect therapy in neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases. BDNF plays a pivotal role in cognitive processes, affecting the advancement and brain structures’ motion. Predominantly in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, by modulating synaptic neurotransmission, it changes the plasticity and proliferation of neurons through regulation of neuronal migration processes such as differentiation, perseveration, neuronal modification and replacement of synaptic structures. BDNF also affects the development of dopaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic and GABAergic. BDNF further causes rapid postsynaptic reactions in ion channels and N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. BDNF as a vital component in the normal functioning of the brain is one of the neurotrophins that contributes to the development, maintenance of function and healthy neuron cells and cynical plasticity.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has several clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to critical condition. Shortness of breath is one of the hallmark symptoms of COVID-19 infection. The main medical management for shortness of breath in COVID-19 infection is oxygen therapy. Physiotherapy and medical rehabilitation such as breathing exercise and chest physiotherapy can be adjuvant therapy that effectively improves breathing effort in COVID-19 patients. This case report will describe breathing exercises and chest therapy done in a patient with a COVID-19 infection.Case: In this study, we presented the case of a 53-year-old female patient with complaints of fever, cough, fatigue, anosmia, shortness of breath, and diagnosis with confirmed COVID-19 infection based on swab PCR result. On admission in the isolation ward, the patient was on non-invasive ventilation (NIV), medical medication, and physical therapy. The physical therapy done in this patient was breathing exercise and chest therapy once daily. After four series of chest therapy and breathing exercise, the shortness of breath and her breathing effort was improved. The patient was discharged after 15 days of hospitalization.Conclusion: This case shows the utility of chest therapy and breathing exercise as a physical rehabilitation treatment for the COVID-19 patient. This physical therapy helps to maximize lung expansion and improve the patient's breathing effort.