Background: Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterial resident of the oral cavity and is considered to be the principal etiological agent of dental caries in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Streptococcus mutans dental caries. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among patients who attended Debre Berhan referral hospital dental clinic. Patient's demographic and clinical information was collected by using pre-tested questionnaire. Dental plaques from all patients was picked up by forceps and suspended in to phosphate-buffered saline for further Streptococcus mutans identification. Result: From a total of 115 study participants 56 (48.7%) and 59 (51.3%) were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of Streptococcus mutans was 79 (68.7%) among patients with dental caries. participants 25 (21.7%) had gem bleeding and 47 (40.9%) of the participants had previous tooth decay. Conclusion: In this study, again Streptococcus mutans is the common public health problem among dental caries patients. Drinking soft drinks, oral debris and gingival index were the associated risk factor for dental caries of Streptococcus mutans.

Background Gastrointestinal colonization rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) is the major risk factor for infection and dissemination of resistance clones in healthcare facilities. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of the fecal carriage of ESBL-PE and associated factors among hospitalized patients at Debre Berhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North Shoa, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 383 hospitalized patients from November 2020 to March 2021. Stool sample or rectal swab was aseptically collected and cultured on different culture media for isolation of Enterobacteriaceae . Identification was done by conventional biochemical tests. Screening of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was done by using cefotaxime and ceftazidime and confirmed by the combination disk method. Data analysis was performed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 25 and a P-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results From the total of 383 hospitalized patients, a total of 347 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. The overall gastrointestinal colonization rate of ESBL-PE was 47.3% (164/347). The predominant ESBL-PE were E. coli 54.9% (90/164) and K. pneumoniae 33.5% (55/164). The overall multi-drug resistance rate (MDR) was 87.8% (305/347). The highest resistance was observed to ampicillin (98.3%), followed by gentamicin (80.7%), and tetracycline (73.3%), respectively. ESBL-PE were highly susceptible to meropenem (90.2%) and imipenem (89.0%). History of antibiotic use in the past 3 months (p<0.001), admission in the neonatal intensive care unit (p=0.023), and presence of chronic disease (p<0.001) were independently associated with fecal carriage of ESBL-PE. Conclusion The magnitude of ESBL-PE and MDR was high in the study area. Meropenem and imipenem were active against ESBL-PE. Therefore, strict infection control measure is needed in the study area to limit the infection and dissemination of ESBL-PE.

Foodborne pathogens are the most common cause of foodborne disease worldwide. They contaminate food at all stages of the food chain, at the agricultural production level (soil and irrigation), from animal sources or at the time of preparation by food handlers. Therefore, food security is a critical issue that affects everyone in the world. Current studies indicate that the problem is more severe in low-income countries like Ethiopia. The majority of studies in Ethiopia have been conducted partially on human, animal or environmental samples with conventional culture-based diagnostic methods. Therefore, this review was conducted to gather information on the main foodborne pathogens and identify gaps in their traceability. Clinically important foodborne pathogens in Ethiopia include ( A. lubmbricoids, Toxocara spp., H. nana. E. histolytica/dispar, G. intestinalis, H. diminuta and C. belli ), bacteria ( Salmonella spp, E. coli O157:H7, B. anthracis, Yersinia, C. perfringens, Klebsiella spp. M. paratuberculosis , and L. monocytogenes ), and viruses like (rotaviruses, enteroviruses and astroviruses, hepatitis E virus). In Ethiopia, all isolated foodborne bacterial pathogens showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In particular, the most studied foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli from specific sources, showing high levels of resistance to most of the antibiotics prescribed in Ethiopia. The occurrence and persistence of AMR in food is one of the main factors causing the spread of antimicrobial resistance in different compartments, humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, strategies of coordination and struggle from a One Health perspective is an urgent strategy to control antibiotic resistance in order to achieve better outcomes for human and animal health.

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Background Currently, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have become a serious global problem and considered as One Health challenge. Despite, wastewater contains a wide range of microbial pathogens and plays a significant role in the dissemination of ARB in the environment. However, it is the most overlooked in developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia. Methods Different article searching devices like PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to select research article by using the key terms. Hand search using a reference list is also used to retrieve the article. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline was used for literature search strategy, selection of publications, data extractions, and reporting result for the review process. Results A total of seven original research articles were included from a total of 35,999 research articles obtained from the different searching techniques. The selected articles were used, the same study design and laboratory methods to isolate different types of resistant bacteria. All studies isolate pathogenic bacteria and highlighted the presence of resistant bacteria for multiple antibiotics. Conclusion Multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria were isolated from wastewater. This is an indication for the possible presence of pathogenic organisms that are discharged into the receiving environment probably waterbodies (lake and revers) posing risk to public health, animal, and environment. In Ethiopia the coverage of safe water supply is poor.  This obligated the society to use untreated water from rivers, lakes and others. The outlet of most urban sewage from hospital, hotels, and industries are directly running to those water bodies due to lack of proper wastewater management system.  Therefore ARB is a direct threat to those people that use those water bodies.