No abstract

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulates estradiol (E2) synthesis in human granulosa and granulosa luteal cells. Cells from individual follicles from spontaneous and human menopausal gonadotropin/CG-stimulated cycles were cultured in serum-free medium containing androstenedione, IGF-I, FSH, and/or CG. At 2, 4, and 6 days, E2 in the medium was measured by RIA. In the granulosa experiments, control cells produced basal levels of E2 at 2 days, and the levels increased with increasing follicle size. Treatment with FSH stimulated E2 production (on the average, 5-fold), and the effect was dose dependent (ED50 = 5 ng/mL or 16 mIU/mL). Incubation with IGF-I alone caused increases in E2 production comparable to those caused by FSH, and the IGF-I effect was dose dependent (ED50 = 8 ng/mL). In most cases, coincubation with FSH and IGF-I augmented E2 levels more than either hormone alone, and at 4 and 6 days the interaction was synergistic. The data from dose-response experiments suggested that the basis of the synergy between FSH and IGF-I was a marked potentiation by either hormone (approximately 10-fold) in the potency of the complementary hormone to stimulate E2 production. In the experiments with granulosa luteal cells from spontaneous and in vitro fertilization preovulatory follicles, the controls synthesized very high levels of E2 spontaneously at 2 days; however, E2 production declined 700% at 4 days, and no E2 was produced by control cells at 6 days. Treatment with FSH, CG, or IGF-I did not cause a significant increase in the high basal levels of E2 at 2 days. During subsequent culture, however, all three hormones stimulated E2 production at 4 and 6 days, but the increases were modest and not sustained. In contrast, coincubation of granulosa luteal cells with FSH plus IGF-I or CG plus IGF-I dramatically enhanced E2 production at 4 and 6 days (on the average, 4-fold), and the effects were sustained throughout the culture period. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome, characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation, is frequently associated with insulin resistance. Ample evidence implicates a role for insulin in the genesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism. The objective of this study was to begin to define the intracellular signaling pathway(s) that mediates insulin regulation of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity in human ovarian theca cells. Third-passage theca cells, isolated from the ovaries of regularly cycling premenopausal women, were used. Insulin alone had no effect on 17alpha-hydroxylase activity or CYP17 mRNA expression but required costimulation with forskolin. At the insulin concentration used (10 ng/ml), a neutralizing antibody to the insulin receptor (but not an antibody to the type I IGF receptor) blocked the insulin stimulation of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity, demonstrating that the effects were mediated by the insulin receptor. Insulin stimulated both phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (MAPK) pathways. Specific inhibition of MAPK kinase (MEK) with PD98059 or I0126 did not decrease the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity stimulated by forskolin or forskolin plus insulin. In contrast, the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 completely blocked insulin-stimulated 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. Our data demonstrate that insulin stimulates PI3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activities in human theca cells, but only PI3-kinase mediates the insulin augmentation of forskolin-stimulated 17alpha-hydroxylase activity.